1999–2000 Chilean presidential election

Presidential elections were held in Chile on 12 December 1999, with a second round on 16 January 2000.^[1]

1999–2000 Chilean presidential election

← 1993 12 December 1999 (first round) 16 January 2000 (second round) 2005–06 →
Turnout	89.95% (first round) 1.28pp 90.63% (second round) 0.68pp
Candidate Ricardo Lagos Joaquín Lavín Party Party for Democracy UDI Alliance Concertación Alliance for Chile Popular vote 3,683,158 3,495,569 Percentage 51.31% 48.69%
President before election Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle PDC Elected President Ricardo Lagos PPD

Six candidates contested the first round, including two women running for the first time. The elections also saw the introduction of a two-round system. Ricardo Lagos and Joaquín Lavín emerged as the top two candidates in the first round, with Lagos having a slight lead. In the second round, Lagos won with 51% of the vote against Lavín's 49%.^[2]

Candidates

The candidates, in order of appearance on the ballot, were:

• Arturo Frei Bolívar, independent with the support of the Popular Alliance (Union of Center Center and independent movements).
• Sara María Larraín Ruiz-Tagle, independent with the support of environmentalist groups.
• Gladys Marín Millie, Communist Party.
• Tomás Hirsch Goldschmidt, Humanist Party (also supported by The Greens).
• Ricardo Lagos Escobar, Concert of Parties for Democracy (Party for Democracy).
• Joaquín Lavín Infante, Alliance for Chile (Independent Democratic Union).

Concertación candidate

The 1999 presidential race was overshadowed by the economic crisis that plagued the country, causing significant turmoil for Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle's administration. The country was grappling with negative growth and an unemployment rate of nearly 11%. Despite the challenging circumstances, the Christian Democracy (PDC), the primary governing party, aspired to win its third consecutive term. Gabriel Valdés Subercaseaux, Alejandro Foxley, Enrique Krauss, and Andrés Zaldívar were among the notable figures who vied for the position. Finally, Senator Andrés Zaldívar was nominated as a pre-candidate by the PDC.

Meanwhile, Ricardo Lagos Escobar, who had contested for the left wing of the Concertación in 1993, emerged as the left's candidate once again. Lagos stepped down from his role as Minister of Public Works on July 31, 1998, to focus on his presidential campaign. He started his campaign from the Chile XXI Foundation, where he assembled a team that would play a vital role in his campaign.

On Sunday, May 30, 1999, an open and binding primary was held, in which over 1.2 million voters participated. Ricardo Lagos emerged victorious with a 71% vote, defeating Andrés Zaldívar.

Alianza candidate

Joaquín Lavín emerged as the leading contender for the presidential nomination on the right. He had served two successful terms as the mayor of Las Condes from 1992 to 1999, winning 78% of the votes in his re-election campaign in 1996. Lavín appeared to be a promising candidate who could achieve what was often elusive for right-wing candidates. During his tenure as mayor, Lavín introduced a leadership style that focused on resolving specific community issues through municipal plebiscites, security measures, and exceptional communication management.

In National Renewal, businessman Sebastián Piñera had initially been favored, but he withdrew his candidacy in favor of Lavín after four months of campaigning.

Other candidacies

Gladys Marín, a member of the Communist Party, became the Leftist Unity's presidential candidate for the 1999 elections in June 1998. This was the first time that a Communist Party member had been nominated for this position. Her candidacy aimed to establish an alternative social and political movement to the existing system.

Tomás Hirsch, a former ambassador to New Zealand, was proclaimed a presidential candidate in 1999. He was previously a member of the Humanist party until they left the Concertación in 1993. Hirsch received the endorsement of his party as well as Los Verdes.

Sara Larraín, an independent candidate, received support from various environmental groups. She was able to collect 0.5% of the signatures required to present her candidacy.

Arturo Frei Bolívar, a former PDC member, was proclaimed a candidate on August 9. He received support from the Union of Center Center, independents, and other sectors, forming the Popular Alliance.^[3] He did not receive support from his cousin, president Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle.

Failed candidacies

The evangelical pastor Salvador Pino Bustos presented his independent presidential candidacy, but it was rejected for not reaching the minimum number of signatures required by law and for exceeding the maximum percentage of signatories affiliated with political parties.^[4]

First round

The Concertación's celebration of the open primaries filled them with optimism, as the high level of participation in the clean and organized process led many to believe that the December election was already won. Lagos' victory with over 71% of the votes from over 1.4 million voters further fueled this triumphalist atmosphere.^[5]

With a sense of sure victory, Lagos and his campaign team delayed their presidential campaign to incorporate the Christian Democracy, which was experiencing internal turmoil after their candidate's defeat. However, Joaquín Lavín's active campaign helped him counteract Lagos' winning momentum by positioning himself as the candidate of change, while Lagos was perceived as responsible for the economic crisis.

Lavín was able to distance himself from the dictatorship with the arrest of Pinochet, and the fact that the ruling coalition's candidate was located further to the left than his predecessors allowed him to capitalize on popular discontent caused by the economic crisis.^[5]

Forty days before the election, Lagos and Lavín participated in a televised debate^[6] that achieved a high audience rating of 75%. Lagos was declared the winner of the debate with 45.9% compared to Lavín's 35.7%. Polls leading up to the debate showed a minimal difference between the two candidates, which was maintained until the end of the first round.

Campaign slogans

• Arturo Frei Bolívar: One like you
• Sara Larraín: Vote freely
• Gladys Marín: For a true Chile with Gladys
• Tomás Hirsch: With the strength of the human
• Ricardo Lagos:
  • Growing with equality (1st round)
  • A much better Chile (2nd round)
• Joaquín Lavín
  • Long live the change (1st round)
  • Join the change (2nd round)

Polls

Poll	Field dates	Lagos	Lavín	Marín	Hirsch	Larraín	Frei	Undecided
CEP[7]	April/May, 1999	40%	29%	2%	1%	-	2%	8%
CEP[7]	September/October, 1999	46.4%	44.4%	3.4%	0.8%	0.7%	1.3%	2.9%

Second round

After Ricardo Lagos narrowly defeated Joaquín Lavín with 47.96% and 47.51% of the vote, respectively, in the first round, a second round was held in January 2000 to decide the winner. Lagos' failure to secure an absolute majority of votes in the initial round had repercussions for his campaign, and Soledad Alvear, Eugenio Tironi, and Carlos Montes took on the role of executive directors to help turn things around. Meanwhile, Lavín's campaign was marked by his "crusade for change," during which he traveled to over 70 cities throughout the country.

This was the first time that a presidential second round, which was established in the 1980 Constitution, took place. Despite the Communist Party's call for a null vote, the votes garnered by their candidate, Gladys Marín, as well as those received by candidates Sara Larraín and Tomás Hirsch, were transferred to Lagos, enabling him to win by a narrow margin of 2.6 percentage points. Arturo Frei Bolívar, another candidate, gave his endorsement to Joaquín Lavín.

Results

Candidate		Party	First round		Second round
			Votes	%	Votes	%
	Ricardo Lagos	Concertación (PPD)	3,383,339	47.96	3,683,158	51.31
	Joaquín Lavín	Alliance for Chile (UDI)	3,352,199	47.51	3,495,569	48.69
	Gladys Marín	The Left (PCCh)	225,224	3.19
	Tomás Hirsch	Humanist Green Alliance (PH)	36,235	0.51
	Sara Larraín	Independent	31,319	0.44
	Arturo Frei Bolívar	Independent	26,812	0.38
Total			7,055,128	100.00	7,178,727	100.00
Valid votes			7,055,128	97.02	7,178,727	97.98
Invalid/blank votes			216,456	2.98	148,026	2.02
Total votes			7,271,584	100.00	7,326,753	100.00
Registered voters/turnout			8,084,476	89.95	8,084,476	90.63
Source: SERVEL (first round), SERVEL (runoff)

References

1. Dieter Nohlen (2005) Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume II, p262 ISBN 978-0-19-928358-3
2. Nohlen, p289
3. "Crean Alianza Popular en apoyo a Frei Bolívar". El Mercurio. 7 August 1999. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
4. "Fue Rechazada Candidatura de Pastor Pino". El Mercurio. 25 August 1999. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
5. Patricio Navia y Alfredo Joignant. "Las elecciones presidenciales de 1999: La participación electoral y el nuevo votante chileno" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 October 2013. Retrieved 21 May 2015.
6. Francisco Zúñiga. "Crónica de la Elección Presidencial en Chile (diciembre-1999 Y ENERO-2000)". Retrieved 21 May 2015.
7. "Encuesta septiembre-octubre 1999". Centro de Estudios Públicos. 1999. Archived from the original on 17 October 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2012.