1920 Greek legislative election

Parliamentary elections were held in Greece on Sunday, 14 November 1920,^[1][2] or 1 November 1920 old style. They were possibly the most crucial elections in the modern history of Greece, influencing not only the few years afterwards, including the Greek defeat by Kemal Atatürk's reformed Turkish Land Forces in 1922, but setting the stage for Greece's political landscape for most of the rest of the 20th century. It had been nearly five years since the last elections, a period during which all democratic procedures were suspended due to the National Schism, when Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos announced that elections would take place on 25 October. However, after the unexpected death of King Alexander, who had assumed the throne after the exile of his father, King Constantine I, the elections were postponed until 14 November.

1920 Greek legislative election

← December 1915 14 November 1920 1923 →
All 369 seats in the Hellenic Parliament 186 seats needed for a majority
First party Second party   Leader Dimitrios Gounaris Eleftherios Venizelos Party IA Liberal Seats won 251 118 Popular vote 368,678 375,803 Percentage 49.36% 50.31%
Prime Minister before election Eleftherios Venizelos Liberal Prime Minister after election Dimitrios Gounaris People's Party

1920 Caricature in the Greek press, where the Greek voter is called upon to choose between Gounaris or Venizelos under the eyes of War

Venizelos believed a victory for his Liberal Party was all but certain because of his diplomatic and military successes against the Ottoman Empire. However, the results were a disaster for him. Although his Liberal Party received just over 50% of the vote, it won only 118 of the 369 seats in the Hellenic Parliament, with the United Opposition – an alliance of the People's Party, Conservative Party, Reform Party and others – winning 251 of the 369 seats. Venizelos also failed to win a seat. Humiliated and disappointed by the outcome of the election, Venizelos left the country for France, leaving his Liberal Party to the administration of Panagiotis Dagklis.

Electoral system

The elections were held using multiple non-transferable vote, with voters having as many votes as there were seats in their constituency. Constituencies were based on the provinces, with provinces with a populations of under 10,000 having one seat, with others having one additional seat for every 10,000 people.^[3]

Results

The Liberals' defeat was considered to have been caused by the electoral system, the opposition having a highly esteemed leader in Dimitrios Gounaris and managing to turn the elections into a referendum on the exiled King Constantine I, who was still popular especially in Old Greece. It was also thought that voters were tired after almost a decade of wars and division were tempted by the United Opposition promise to secure peace with the Turks and bring troops home.

Party		Votes	%	Seats
	Liberal Party	375,803	50.31	118
	United Opposition	368,678	49.36	251
	Others	2,465	0.33	0
Total		746,946	100.00	369
Source: Greek Institute of Constitutional History

References

1. "Greek Throne Is the Real Prize In Elections to Be Held Today", Washington Post, 14 November 1920, p1
2. John S. Koliopoulos and Thanos M. Veremis (2010) Modern Greece: A History since 1821 Wiley-Blackwell, p87
3. Nohlen & Stöver, pp814–815