1906 United Kingdom general election

The 1906 United Kingdom general election was held from 12 January to 8 February 1906. The Liberals, led by Prime Minister Henry Campbell-Bannerman, won a landslide majority at the election. The Conservatives led by Arthur Balfour, who had been in government until the month before the election, lost more than half their seats, including party leader Balfour's own seat in Manchester East, leaving the party with its fewest recorded seats ever in history until 2024. The election saw a 5.4% swing from the Conservative Party to the Liberal Party, the largest-ever seen at the time (and if only looking at seats contested in both 1900 and 1906, the Conservative vote fell by 11.6%).^[1] This has resulted in the 1906 general election being dubbed the "Liberal landslide", and is now ranked alongside the 1924, 1931, 1945, 1983, 1997, 2001, and 2024 general elections as one of the largest landslide election victories.^[2][3]

1906 United Kingdom general election

← 1900 12 January – 8 February 1906 (1906-01-12 – 1906-02-08) Jan 1910 →
← outgoing members elected members →
All 670 seats in the House of Commons 336 seats needed for a majority
Turnout	83.2% (8.1 pp)
First party Second party   Leader Henry Campbell-Bannerman Arthur Balfour Party Liberal Conservative and Liberal Unionist Leader since December 1898 11 June 1902 Leader's seat Stirling Burghs Manchester East (defeated) Last election 183 seats, 45.1% 402 seats, 50.2% Seats won 397 156 Seat change 214 246 Popular vote 2,565,644 2,278,076 Percentage 48.9% 43.4% Swing 3.8 pp 6.8 pp   Third party Fourth party   Leader John Redmond Keir Hardie Party Irish Parliamentary Labour Repr. Cmte. Leader since 6 February 1900 28 February 1900 Leader's seat Waterford City Merthyr Tydfil Last election 77 seats, 1.8% 2 seats, 1.3% Seats won 82 29 Seat change 5 27 Popular vote 33,231 254,202 Percentage 0.6% 4.8% Swing 1.2 pp 3.5 pp
Colours denote the winning party
Composition of the House of Commons after the election
Prime Minister before election Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman Liberal Prime Minister after election Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman Liberal

The Labour Representation Committee was far more successful than at the 1900 general election and after the election would be renamed the Labour Party with 29 MPs and Keir Hardie as leader. The Irish Parliamentary Party, led by John Redmond, achieved its seats with a relatively low number of votes, as 73 candidates stood unopposed. This election was a landslide defeat for the Conservative Party and their Liberal Unionist allies, with the primary reason given by historians being the party's weakness after its split over the issue of free trade (Joseph Chamberlain had resigned from government in September 1903 in order to campaign for Tariff Reform, which would allow "preferential tariffs"). Many working-class people at the time saw this as a threat to the price of food, hence the debate was nicknamed "Big Loaf, Little Loaf". The Liberals' landslide victory of 125 seats over all other parties led to the passing of social legislation known as the Liberal reforms.

This was the last general election in which the Liberals won an absolute majority in the House of Commons, the last general election in which neither Labour nor the Conservatives won the popular vote, and the only election held between 1886 and 1945 in which the Conservatives did not win the popular vote. It was also the last peacetime election held more than five years after the previous one prior to passage of the Parliament Act 1911, which limited the duration of Parliaments in peacetime to five years. In this election the Conservatives were reduced to their lowest seat count in the party's history, a record not broken until 2024, 118 years later.

Overview

A coalition between the Conservative and Liberal Unionist parties had governed the United Kingdom since the 1895 general election. Arthur Balfour had served as Prime Minister from 1902 until 5 December 1905, when he chose to resign over growing unpopularity. Instead of calling a general election, Balfour had hoped that under a Liberal government, splits would re-emerge; which would therefore help the Conservative Party achieve victory at the next general election.^[4]

The incoming Liberal government chose to capitalise on the Conservative government's unpopularity and called an immediate general election one month later on 12 January 1906, which resulted in a crushing defeat for the Conservatives.^{[citation needed]}

Conservative unpopularity

Example of a Liberal poster during the election

The Unionist government had become deeply divided over the issue of free trade, which soon became an electoral liability. This culminated in Joseph Chamberlain's resignation from the government in May 1903 to campaign for tariff reform in order to protect British industry from foreign competition. This division was in contrast to the Liberal Party's belief in free trade, which it argued would help keep costs of living down.^[4]

The issue of free trade became the feature of the Liberal campaign, under the slogan 'big loaf' under a Liberal government, 'little loaf' under a Conservative government. It also commissioned a variety of posters warning the electorate over rises in food prices under protectionist policies, including one which mentioned that "Balfour and Chamberlain are linked together against free trade ... Don't be deceived by Tory tricks".^[5]

The Boer War had also contributed to the unpopularity of the Conservative and Unionist government. The war had lasted over two and half years, much longer than had originally been expected, while details were revealed of the existence of concentration camps where over 20,000 men, women and children were reported to have died because of poor sanitation.^{[citation needed]}

The war had also unearthed the poor social state of the country in the early 1900s. This was after more than 40% of military recruits for the Boer War were declared unfit for military service; in Manchester, 8,000 of the 11,000 men who had been recruited had to be turned away for being in poor physical condition. This was after the 1902 Rowntree study of poverty in York showed that almost one-third of the population lived below the 'poverty line', which helped to increase the calls for social reforms, something which had been neglected by the Conservative and Unionist government.^[6]

The Conservative and Unionist Prime Minister, Arthur Balfour, had been blamed over the issue of 'Chinese Slavery', i.e. the use of Chinese-indentured labour in South Africa (see Chinese South Africans). This became controversial among the Conservative Party's middle-class supporters, who saw it as unethical. The working-class also objected to the practice, as White emigration to South Africa could have created jobs for the unemployed in Britain.^[7]

Nonconformists were angered when Conservatives pushed through the Education Act 1902, which integrated voluntary schools into the state system and provided for their support from the local rate. The local school boards were abolished and replaced by local education authorities based on county or county borough councils. Worst of all, the Anglican schools, which were on the edge of bankruptcy would thus receive funding from local rates that everyone had to pay.^[8] One tactic was to refuse to pay local taxes.^[9] The school system played a major role in the Liberal victory in 1906, as Dissenter (nonconformist) Conservatives punished their old party and voted Liberal. However, the Liberals were conscious of the call to fair treatment their victory had in the counties and neither repealed or modified the 1902 law.^[10] Another issue which lost the Conservatives nonconformist votes was the Licensing Act 1904. Although the legislation aimed to reduce the number of public houses, it proposed to compensate brewers for the cancellation of their licence, through a fund the brewers themselves would have to pay into ^[8] leading many who adhered to temperance to denounce it as a "brewers' bill", and Brewers generally being dissatisfied.^[11]

Results

• 
  England and Wales seat winners
• 
  Results of London (and Croydon) and the seven W. and N. divisions, seats, of administrative Middlesex

UK General Election 1906

			Candidates						Votes
Party		Leader	Stood	Elected	Gained	Unseated	Net	% of total	%	No.	Net %
	Liberal	Henry Campbell-Bannerman	528	397	223	9	+214	59.3	48.9	2,565,644	+3.9
	Conservative and Liberal Unionist	Arthur Balfour	557	156	5	251	−246	23.3	43.4	2,278,076	−6.8
	Labour Repr. Cmte.	Keir Hardie	50	29	28	1	+27	4.3	4.8	254,202	+3.6
	Irish Parliamentary	John Redmond	84	82	6	1	+5	12.2	0.6	33,231	−1.2
	Ind. Conservative	N/A (Russelites)	9	2	2	0	+2	0.3	0.5	26,183
	Ind. Labour Party	N/A	7	1	1	0	+1	0.2	0.4	18,886
	Social Democratic Federation	H. M. Hyndman	8	0	0	0	0		0.4	18,446
	Ind. Conservative	N/A	9	1	1	0	+1	0.2	0.3	15,972
	Scottish Workers	George Carson	5	0	0	0	0		0.3	14,877	+0.2
	Free Trader	John Eldon Gorst	5	0	0	0	0		0.2	8,974
	Independent Liberal-Labour	N/A	1	1	1	0	+1	0.2	0.1	4,841
	Independent	N/A	3	0	0	0	0		0.1	3,806
	Ind. Nationalist	N/A	3	1	0	0	0	0.2	0.0	1,800
	Independent Liberal	N/A	3	0	0	1	−1		0.0	1,581
	Ind. Liberal Unionist	N/A	1	0	0	0	0		0.0	153

Total votes cast: 5,246,672.^[12]
Electorate: 7,264,608 (6,347,660 in contested seats)
Turnout: 83.2% ^[13]

Voting summary

Popular vote Liberal   48.90% Conservative and Liberal Unionist   43.42% Labour Repr. Cmte.   4.85% Irish Parliamentary   0.63% Others   2.20%

Seats summary

Parliamentary seats Liberal   59.25% Conservative and Liberal Unionist   23.28% Irish Parliamentary   12.24% Labour Repr. Cmte.   4.33% Others   0.90%

Analysis

According to historian Lawrence Goldman:

The election of 1906 led eventually to old-age pensions, the Trade Boards Act of 1909 which applied minimum wages to the 'sweated trades', the redistributive 1909 'people's budget', the introduction of labour exchanges, the National Insurance Act of 1911, and the Parliament Act of that year which removed the House of Lords' veto on legislation from the Commons ... Though the eventual achievements of the parliament elected in 1906 were remarkable, the election was something of a fluke; the scale of the Liberal victory was in direct proportion to the scale of preceding Tory blunders but it exaggerated the degree of dependable Liberal support in the country. The subsequent elections in January and December 1910, during the crisis over the people's budget, saw the number of Liberal MPs reduced to 275 and 272 respectively, while Conservative support recovered and the party, together with their Liberal Unionist allies, took 273 and then 272 seats.^[14]

Notable results

The landslide Liberal victory led to many Conservative and Unionist MPs losing what had previously been regarded as safe seats. This resulted in prominent Conservative ministers being unseated including former Prime Minister Arthur Balfour. Only three of the Conservative cabinet which had served until December 1905 (one month before the election) held onto their seats, the outgoing: Home Secretary Aretas Akers-Douglas, Chancellor Austen Chamberlain (Liberal Unionist), Secretary of State for War H.O. Arnold-Forster who changed to that allied party before the election.^{[citation needed]}

Manchester East

Arthur Balfour, who entered the general election as the Conservative Party leader and had until the month before been Prime Minister, unexpectedly lost his seat in the Manchester East constituency, a seat which he had represented since 1885. The result in Manchester East saw a large 22.4% swing to the Liberal candidate Thomas Gardner Horridge, much larger than the national 5.4% swing to the Liberals.^{[citation needed]}

The Liberal candidate in Manchester East had been helped by a pact with the local Labour Party. Horridge said of his victory that "East Manchester is essentially a Labour constituency and the great Labour party has supported my candidacy very thoroughly and very loyally". He also said that "[Manchester East constituents] have returned me, I take it, first to uphold free trade, next to deal with Chinese labour, and after that to support legislation on the lines laid down in the programme of the Labour party, with which I am heartily in accord".^[5]

Balfour's unseating became symbolic of the Conservative Party's landslide defeat. The result has since been called one of the biggest upsets in British political history and remains a rare instance of a former Prime Minister or Leader of the Opposition losing their seat in a General election.^[15]

Gladstone–MacDonald pact

Main article: Gladstone–MacDonald pact

In 1903, the Liberal Herbert Gladstone and Ramsay MacDonald of the Labour Representation Committee negotiated an informal agreement to ensure the anti-Conservative vote was not split between their two parties. The Gladstone–MacDonald pact meant that, in 31 of the 50 seats where LRC candidates stood, the Liberal Party did not put up a candidate. This proved helpful to both parties, as 24 of LRC 29 elected MPs came from constituencies where the Liberal Party agreed not to contest, while the pact allowed the Liberals to concentrate resources on Conservative/Liberal marginal constituencies.^{[citation needed]}

See also

• List of MPs elected in the 1906 United Kingdom general election
• Parliamentary franchise in the United Kingdom 1885–1918
• Education Act 1902
• 1906 United Kingdom general election in Ireland

References

1. Craig, F. W. S. (1974), British Parliamentary Election Results, 1885–1918, Macmillan
2. BBC NEWS – Programmes – BBC Parliament – 1906: The Liberal landslide, 9 February 2006
3. "UK general election results live: Rishi Sunak to resign as Conservative Party leader after crushing election defeat". BBC News. Retrieved 5 July 2024.
4. Oxford DNB theme: The general election of 1906, archived from the original on 30 May 2017
5. Taylor, Ros (4 April 2005), "Hit for six", The Guardian, London
6. thane (PDF), retrieved 22 April 2018
7. Spencer, Scott (2010), "British Liberty Stained", commons.lib.jmu.edu
8. Lowe, Norman (2017). "Mastering Modern British History". doi:10.1057/978-1-137-60388-3. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
9. Gullifer, N. R. (1982), "Opposition to the 1902 Education Act", Oxford Review of Education, 8 (1): 83–98, doi:10.1080/0305498820080106, JSTOR 1050168
10. Halévy, Élie (1956), The Rule of Democracy (1905–1914), pp. 64–90
11. Thomas, Jo; Willis, Michael (2016). Wars and Welfare: Britain in Transition 1906–1957. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-19-8354-598.
12. All parties shown.
13. "General Election Results 1885-1979". Archived from the original on 30 January 2012. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
14. Goldman, Lawrence, Oxford DNB theme: The general election of 1906
15. Top Ten...Shock election results | Total Politics, archived from the original on 27 December 2015, retrieved 26 December 2015

Further reading

• Bealey, Frank (1956), "Negotiations Between the Liberal Party and the Labour Representation Committee Before the General Election of 1906", Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, 29: 265+
• Betts, Oliver. (2016)"'The People’s Bread': A Social History of Joseph Chamberlain and the Tariff Reform Campaign." in Joseph Chamberlain: International Statesman, National Leader, Local Icon ed by I. Cawood and C. Upton. (Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2016) pp. 130–150.
• Blewett, Neal (1972). The Peers, the Parties and the People: The British General Elections of 1910. Toronto and Buffalo: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-1838-6.
• Craig, F. W. S. (1989), British Electoral Facts: 1832–1987, Dartmouth: Gower, ISBN 0900178302
• Dutton, David (1979), "Unionist Politics and the aftermath of the General Election of 1906: A Reassessment", Historical Journal, 22 (4): 861–876, doi:10.1017/S0018246X00017155, S2CID 153444456
• Fraser, Peter (1962), "Unionism and Tariff Reform: The Crisis of 1906", Historical Journal, 5 (2): 149–166, doi:10.1017/S0018246X00000170, S2CID 155026903
• Goldman, Lawrence, Oxford DNB theme: The general election of 1906, brief scholarly history{{citation}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
• Halévy, Élie (1956), The Rule of Democracy (1905–1914), pp. 64–90. online
• Irwin, Douglas A. (1994), "The political economy of free trade: voting in the British general election of 1906" (PDF), Journal of Law and Economics, 37: 75–108, doi:10.1086/467307, S2CID 153373790, archived from the original (PDF) on 10 May 2017, retrieved 19 January 2016
• Machin, G. I. T. (1982) "The Last Victorian Anti-Ritualist Campaign, 1895-1906." Victorian Studies 25.3 (1982): 277–302. online
• Purdue, A. W. (1973) "George Lansbury and the Middlesbrough election of 1906." International Review of Social History 18.3 (1973): 333–352.
• Russell, A. K. (1973), Liberal Landslide: The General Election of 1906, David and Charles, the standard scholarly study{{citation}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
• Sykes, Alan (1979), Tariff Reform in British Politics: 1903–1913, Oxford University Press
• Watson, Robert Spence. (1907) The National Liberal Federation: From Its Commencement to the General Election of 1906. (T. Fisher Unwin, 1907) online.

External links

• Spartacus: Political Parties and Election Results
• United Kingdom election results—summary results 1885–1979 Archived 30 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine

Manifestos

• 1906 Conservative manifesto
• 1906 Labour manifesto
• 1906 Liberal manifesto