1852–53 United States House of Representatives elections

The 1852–53 United States House of Representatives elections were held on various dates in various states between August 2, 1852, and November 8, 1853. Each state set its own date for its elections to the House of Representatives before the first session of the 33rd United States Congress convened on December 5, 1853. The size of the House increased to 234 seats following the congressional reapportionment based on the 1850 United States census.

1852–53 United States House of Representatives elections

← 1850 & 1851 August 2, 1852 – November 8, 1853 1854 & 1855 →
All 234 seats in the United States House of Representatives 118 seats needed for a majority
Majority party Minority party   Leader Linn Boyd Joseph R. Chandler Party Democratic Whig Leader's seat Kentucky 1st Pennsylvania 2nd Last election 120 seats 82 seats Seats won 150 68 Seat change 30 14 Popular vote 1,566,004 1,308,031 Percentage 49.82% 41.61% Swing 6.51% 0.28%   Third party Fourth party   Party Free Soil Union Last election 4 seats 15 seats Seats won 4 5[a] Seat change 10 Popular vote 125,271 22,139 Percentage 3.99% 0.70% Swing 0.87% 3.99%   Fifth party Sixth party   Party Southern Rights Independent Last election 8 seats 4 seats[b] Seats won 4[c] 3[d] Seat change 4 1 Popular vote 20,326 87,826 Percentage 0.65% 2.79% Swing 3.48%
Speaker before election Linn Boyd Democratic Elected Speaker Linn Boyd Democratic

Democrats increased their House majority while electing national compromise candidate Franklin Pierce, a Northerner favorable to Southern interests, to the Presidency. Effects of the Compromise of 1850 temporarily had reduced sectional tensions, and both major parties, Democrats and Whigs, unified around the 1852 presidential campaign, with Whig unity more tenuous. Two small parties, the Constitutional Unionists and States' Rights parties, collapsed before this election, while the Free Soil Party, opposing slavery in the Western territories, retained four seats. One Independent, Caleb Lyon, was elected from New York.

Election summaries

Following the 1850 census, the House was reapportioned. In the initial apportionment bill, the number of seats was unchanged at 233,^[1] but later one seat was added to California's delegation, increasing the total apportionment to 234, due to returns from California being determined to be incomplete.^[2]

↓

158	4	1	71
Democratic	FS	I	Whig

State	Type	Date	Total seats		Democratic		Free Soil		Whig		Others
			Seats	Change	Seats	Change	Seats	Change	Seats	Change	Seats	Change
Iowa	Districts	August 2, 1852	2		1	1	0		1	1	0
Missouri	Districts	August 2, 1852	7	2	3	1	0		4	1	0
Vermont	Districts	September 7, 1852	3	1	0	1	0		3		0
Maine	Districts	September 13, 1852	6	1	3	2	0		3	1	0
Florida	At-large	October 5, 1852	1		1	1	0		0	1	0
Indiana	Districts	October 12, 1852	11	1	10	2	0		1	1	0
Ohio	Districts	October 12, 1852	21		12	1	2	1	7	2	0
Pennsylvania	Districts	October 12, 1852	25	1	16	1	0		9		0
California	At-large	November 2, 1852 (Election Day)[e]	2		2		0		0		0
Illinois	Districts		9	2	5[f]	1	0		4	3	0
Michigan	Districts		4	1	4	3	0		0	2	0
New Jersey	Districts		5		4		0		1		0
New York	Districts		33	1	21	4	1	1	10	7	1[g]	1
Wisconsin	Districts		3		3	1	0	1	0		0
Delaware	At-large	November 8, 1852	1		1		0		0		0
Massachusetts	Districts	November 8, 1852	11	1	1		1	1	9	2	0
South Carolina	Districts	February 28 – March 1, 1853	6	1	6	1	0		0		0
Late elections (after the March 4, 1853 beginning of the term)
New Hampshire	Districts	March 8, 1853	3	1	3	1	0		0	2	0
Connecticut	Districts	April 4, 1853	4		4	1	0		0	1	0
Rhode Island	Districts	April 6, 1853	2		2	1	0		0	1	0
Virginia	Districts	May 26, 1853	13	2	13		0		0	2	0
Arkansas	Districts	August 1, 1853	2	1	2	1	0		0		0
Kentucky	Districts	August 1, 1853	10		5		0		5		0
Texas	Districts	August 1, 1853	2		2		0		0		0
North Carolina	Districts	August 4, 1853	8	1	5	2	0		3	3	0
Tennessee	Districts	August 4, 1853	10	1	5	2	0		5	1	0
Alabama	Districts	August 8, 1853	7		6	2	0		1	1	0	1[h]
Georgia	Districts	October 3, 1853	8		6	6	0		2	2	0	8[i]
Louisiana	Districts	November 1, 1853	4		3	1	0		1	1	0
Maryland	Districts	November 2, 1853	6		4	2	0		2	2	0
Mississippi	District + 1 at-large	November 7–8, 1853	5	1	5	5	0		0		0	4[j]
Total			234	1	158[f] 67.5%	28	4 1.7%		71 30.3%	15	1 0.4%	12

Popular vote Democratic   49.82% Whig   41.61% Free Soil   3.99% Unionist   0.70% States' Rights   0.65% Independent   2.79% Others   0.44%

House seats Democratic   64.10% Whig   30.34% Unionist   2.14% Free Soil   1.71% Southern Rights   1.71% Independent   1.28%

Alabama

See also: List of United States representatives from Alabama

Arkansas

See also: List of United States representatives from Arkansas

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Arkansas 1	Robert W. Johnson Redistricted from the at-large district	Democratic	1846	Incumbent retired. Democratic hold.[3]	▌Y Alfred B. Greenwood (Democratic) 100.0%[3]
Arkansas 2				New seat. Democratic gain.	▌Y Edward A. Warren (Democratic) 53.2% ▌Unidentified (Whig) 46.8%[3]

California

See also: List of United States representatives from California

Note: From statehood to 1864, California's representatives were elected at-large, with the top two vote-getters winning election from 1849 to 1858; in 1860 when California gained a seat in the House the top three vote-getters were elected.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
California at-large 2 seats on a general ticket	Edward C. Marshall	Democratic	1851	Incumbent retired. Democratic hold.	▌Y James A. McDougall (Democratic) 84.4% ▌Y Milton Latham (Democratic) 15.6% ▌Philip Leget Edwards (Whig) 23.28% ▌George B. Tingley (Whig) 23.13%[4]
	Joseph W. McCorkle	Democratic	1851	Incumbent lost renomination. Democratic hold.

Connecticut

See also: List of United States representatives from Connecticut

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[5]
Connecticut 1	Charles Chapman	Whig	1851	Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain.	▌Y James T. Pratt (Democratic) 52.2% ▌Charles Chapman (Whig) 44.2% ▌John Hooker (Free Soil) 3.5%
Connecticut 2	Colin M. Ingersoll	Democratic	1851	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Colin M. Ingersoll (Democratic) 53.0% ▌Austin Baldwin (Whig) 42.0% ▌Walter Booth (Free Soil) 4.9%
Connecticut 3	Chauncey F. Cleveland	Democratic	1849	Incumbent retired. Democratic hold.	▌Y Nathan Belcher (Democratic) 50.4% ▌Daniel P. Tyler (Whig) 34.8% ▌Albert G. Stark (Free Soil) 14.8%
Connecticut 4	Origen S. Seymour	Democratic	1851	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Origen S. Seymour (Democratic) 54.0% ▌William W. Welch (Whig) 45.4% ▌Daniel G. Platt (Free Soil) 0.6%

Delaware

See also: List of United States representatives from Delaware

Florida

Main article: 1852 United States House of Representatives election in Florida

See also: List of United States representatives from Florida

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Florida at-large	Edward C. Cabell	Whig	1846	Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain.	▌Y Augustus Maxwell (Democratic) 50.1% ▌Edward C. Cabell (Whig) 49.9%

Georgia

See also: List of United States representatives from Georgia

Illinois

See also: List of United States representatives from Illinois

Indiana

See also: List of United States representatives from Indiana

Iowa

See also: List of United States representatives from Iowa

Kentucky

See also: List of United States representatives from Kentucky

Louisiana

See also: List of United States representatives from Louisiana

Maine

See also: List of United States representatives from Maine

Maryland

See also: List of United States representatives from Maryland

Massachusetts

See also: List of United States representatives from Massachusetts

The elections were held November 8, 1852. However, many of the districts went to a December 13, 1852 second ballot.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Massachusetts 1	Zeno Scudder Redistricted from the 10th district	Whig	1851	Incumbent re-elected on the second ballot.	First ballot (November 8, 1852) ▌Zeno Scudder (Whig) 49.67% ▌John Pierce (Democratic) 28.60% ▌Rodney French (Free Soil) 21.73%[6] Second ballot (December 13, 1852) ▌Y Zeno Scudder (Whig) 62.91% ▌Abraham H. Howland (Independent) 37.09%[7]
Massachusetts 2
Massachusetts 3
Massachusetts 4
Massachusetts 5
Massachusetts 6
Massachusetts 7
Massachusetts 8
Massachusetts 9
Massachusetts 10
Massachusetts 11

Michigan

See also: List of United States representatives from Michigan

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Michigan 1	Ebenezer J. Penniman	Whig	1850	Incumbent retired. Democratic gain.	▌Y David Stuart (Democratic) 50.4% ▌William A. Howard (Whig) 46.6% ▌Samuel W. Dexter (Free Soil) 3.0%[8]
Michigan 2	Charles E. Stuart	Democratic	1847 (special) 1848 (lost) 1850	Incumbent retired to run for U.S. Senator. Democratic hold.	▌Y David A. Noble (Democratic) 51.7% ▌Joseph R. Williams (Whig) 48.3%[9]
Michigan 3	James L. Conger	Whig	1850	Incumbent retired. Democratic gain.	▌Y Samuel Clark (Democratic) 49.4% ▌Henry R. Williams (Whig) 45.7% ▌Uriah Upjohn (Free Soil) 4.9%[10]
Michigan 4	None (New seat)			New seat. Democratic gain.	▌Y Hestor L. Stevens (Democratic) 51.8% ▌George Bradley (Whig) 43.1% ▌Ephraim Calkins (Free Soil) 5.1%[11]

Mississippi

See also: List of United States representatives from Mississippi

Elections held late, from November 7 to 8, 1853

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Mississippi at-large	None (new district)			New seat. Democratic gain.	▌Y William Barksdale (Democratic) 54.27% ▌Alexander B. Bradford (Whig) 45.73%[12]
Mississippi 1	Benjamin D. Nabers	Unionist	1851	Incumbent lost re-election as a Whig. Democratic gain.	▌Y Daniel B. Wright (Democratic) 51.64% ▌Benjamin D. Nabers (Whig) 48.36%[13]
Mississippi 2	John A. Wilcox	Unionist	1851	Incumbent lost re-election as a Whig. Democratic gain.	▌Y William S. Barry (Democratic) 50.73% ▌John A. Wilcox (Whig) 49.27%[14]
Mississippi 3	John D. Freeman	Unionist	1851	Incumbent retired. Democratic gain.	▌Y Otho R. Singleton (Democratic) 55.65% ▌Alexander K. McLung (Whig) 44.35%[15]
Mississippi 4	Albert G. Brown	Southern Rights	1847	Incumbent retired. Democratic gain.	▌Y Wiley P. Harris (Democratic) 100%[16]

Missouri

See also: List of United States representatives from Missouri

New Hampshire

See also: List of United States representatives from New Hampshire

New Jersey

See also: List of United States representatives from New Jersey

New York

See also: List of United States representatives from New York

North Carolina

See also: List of United States representatives from North Carolina

Ohio

See also: List of United States representatives from Ohio

Pennsylvania

See also: List of United States representatives from Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

See also: List of United States representatives from Rhode Island

South Carolina

See also: List of United States representatives from South Carolina

Tennessee

See also: List of United States representatives from Tennessee

Elections held late, on August 4, 1853.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Tennessee 1	Andrew Johnson	Democratic	1842	Incumbent retired to run for Governor. Democratic loss.	▌Y Brookins Campbell (Democratic) 37.11% ▌Nathaniel G. Taylor (Whig) 36.14% ▌Albert G. Watkins (Whig) 26.75%[17]
	Albert G. Watkins Redistricted from the 2nd district	Whig	1849	Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain.
Tennessee 2	William M. Churchwell Redistricted from the 3rd district	Democratic	1851	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y William M. Churchwell (Democratic) 56.64% ▌Horace Maynard (Whig) 43.36%[18]
Tennessee 3	None (new district)			New seat. Democratic gain.	▌Y Samuel A. Smith (Democratic) 55.49% ▌T. Nixon Vandyke (Whig) 44.52%[19]
Tennessee 4	John H. Savage	Democratic	1849	Incumbent retired. Democratic loss.	▌Y William Cullom (Whig) 50.14% ▌Erasmus L. Gardner (Democratic) 49.86%[20]
	William Cullom Redistricted from the 8th district	Whig	1851	Incumbent re-elected.
Tennessee 5	None (new district)			New seat. Whig gain.	▌Y Charles Ready (Whig) 57.86% ▌Thomas Barry (Democratic) 42.14%[21]
Tennessee 6	William H. Polk	Independent Democratic	1851	Incumbent retired. Independent Democratic loss.	▌Y George W. Jones (Democratic) 100%[22]
	George W. Jones Redistricted from the 5th district	Democratic	1842	Incumbent re-elected.
Tennessee 7	Meredith P. Gentry	Whig	1845	Incumbent retired. Whig hold.	▌Y Robert M. Bugg (Whig) 52.52% ▌S. C. Pavott (Democratic) 47.48%[23]
Tennessee 8	None (new district)			New seat. Whig gain.	▌Y Felix Zollicoffer (Whig) 52.96% ▌Samuel P. Allison (Democratic) 47.04%[24]
Tennessee 9	Isham G. Harris	Democratic	1849	Incumbent retired. Democratic loss.	▌Y Emerson Etheridge (Whig) 96.90% ▌Christopher H. Williams (Whig) 3.10%[25]
	Christopher H. Williams Redistricted from the 11th district	Whig	1849	Incumbent lost re-election. Whig hold.
Tennessee 10	Frederick P. Stanton	Democratic	1845	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Frederick P. Stanton (Democratic) 50.03% ▌Edwin M. Yerger (Whig) 49.97%[26]

Texas

See also: List of United States representatives from Texas

Vermont

See also: List of United States representatives from Vermont

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[27]
Vermont 1	James Meacham Redistricted from the 3rd district	Whig	1849 (special)	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y James Meacham (Whig) 56.0% ▌John Pierpoint (Free Soil) 23.1% ▌Philip C. Tucker (Democratic) 20.6%
	Ahiman Louis Miner	Whig	1850	Incumbent retired. Whig loss.
Vermont 2	William Hebard	Whig	1848	Incumbent retired. Whig hold.	▌Y Andrew Tracy (Whig) 51.8% ▌Daniel Kellogg (Democratic) 17.9% ▌Ryland Fletcher (Free Soil) 16.3%
Vermont 3	None (new district)			New seat. Whig gain.	First ballot ▌Alvah Sabin (Whig) 45.7% ▌Henry Adams (Democratic) 30.8% ▌A. Judson Rowell (Free Soil) 23.4% Second ballot ▌Y Alvah Sabin (Whig) 48.3% ▌William Heywood Jr. (Democratic) 32.2% ▌Charles D. Kasson (Free Soil) 19.4%
Vermont 4	Thomas Bartlett Jr.	Democratic	1850	Incumbent retired. District eliminated. Democratic loss.	None

Virginia

See also: List of United States representatives from Virginia

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[28]
Virginia 1	Thomas H. Bayly Redistricted from the 7th district	Democratic	1844 (special)	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Thomas H. Bayly (Democratic) 58.9% ▌Louis H. C. Finney (Unknown) 39.9% ▌George W. Lewis (Unknown) 1.1%
Virginia 2	John Millson Redistricted from the 1st district	Democratic	1849	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y John Millson (Democratic) 56.7% ▌Jonathan R. Chambliss (Whig) 36.6% ▌William D. Roberts (Democratic) 6.7%
Virginia 3	Thomas H. Averett	Democratic	1849	Incumbent lost renomination. Democratic loss.	▌Y John Caskie (Democratic) 54.9% ▌Clayton G. Coleman (Whig) 45.1%
	John Caskie Redistricted from the 6th district	Democratic	1851	Incumbent re-elected.
Virginia 4	Richard Kidder Meade Redistricted from the 2nd district	Democratic	1847 (special)	Incumbent retired. Democratic hold.	▌Y William Goode (Democratic) 65.3% ▌Wyatt Cardwell (Whig) 18.4% ▌William C. Flournoy (Unknown) 14.6% ▌William S. Scott (Unknown) 1.7%
Virginia 5	Thomas S. Bocock Redistricted from the 4th district	Democratic	1847	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Thomas S. Bocock (Democratic) 51.7% ▌John T. Wootton (Whig) 43.1% ▌Thomas H. Averett (Independent) 5.1%
Virginia 6	Paulus Powell Redistricted from the 5th district	Democratic	1849	Incumbent retired. Democratic hold.	▌Y Paulus Powell (Democratic) 52.5% ▌Alexander Mosely (Whig) 47.5%
Virginia 7	James F. Strother Redistricted from the 9th district	Whig	1851	Incumbent lost renomination. Democratic gain.	▌Y William Smith (Democratic) 51.8% ▌Edgar Snowden Sr. (Whig) 48.2%
Virginia 8	Alexander Holladay	Democratic	1849	Incumbent retired. Democratic loss.	▌Y Charles J. Faulkner (Democratic) 52.3% ▌Alexander Boteler (Whig) 47.7%
	Charles J. Faulkner Redistricted from the 10th district	Whig	1851	Incumbent re-elected as a Democrat. Democratic gain.
Virginia 9	John Letcher Redistricted from the 11th district	Democratic	1851	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y John Letcher (Democratic) 74.4% ▌Tyre Maupin (Whig) 25.6%
Virginia 10	None (new district)			New district. Democratic gain.	▌Y Zedekiah Kidwell (Democratic) 100%
Virginia 11	None (new district)			New district. Democratic gain.	▌Y John F. Snodgrass (Democratic) 40.3% ▌Charles S. Lewis (Democratic) 38.3% ▌A. M. Sterett (Whig) 21.4%
Virginia 12	Henry A. Edmundson	Democratic	1849	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Henry A. Edmundson (Democratic) 100%
Virginia 13	Fayette McMullen	Democratic	1849	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Fayette McMullen (Democratic) 100%
Virginia 14	James M. H. Beale	Democratic	1849	Incumbents retired. Districts eliminated. Democratic loss.	None
Virginia 15	Sherrard Clemens	Democratic	1852 (special)		None

Wisconsin

See also: List of United States representatives from Wisconsin

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[29]
Wisconsin 1	Charles Durkee	Free Soil	1848	Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain.	▌Y Daniel Wells Jr. (Democratic) 46.5% ▌Charles Durkee (Free Soil) 31.9% ▌Henry S. Durand (Whig) 21.6%
Wisconsin 2	Ben C. Eastman	Democratic	1850	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Ben C. Eastman (Democratic) 53.9% ▌Chauncey Abbott (Whig) 38.7% ▌James L. Enos (Free Soil) 7.4%
Wisconsin 3	James Duane Doty	Independent Democratic	1848	Incumbent retired. Democratic gain.	▌Y John B. Macy (Democratic) 55.5% ▌James McMillan Shafter (Whig) 36.2% ▌Hiram McKee (Free Soil) 8.3%

Non-voting delegates

District	Incumbent			This race
	Delegate	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Minnesota Territory	Henry Hastings Sibley	Democratic	1848 (Wis. Territory: special) 1849 (Wis. Territory: eliminated) 1849 (Minn. Territory)	Incumbent retired. New delegate elected. Democratic hold.	▌Y Henry M. Rice (Democratic) 2360 votes ▌Wilkin[k] 728 votes[30]
New Mexico Territory	Richard H. Weightman	Democratic	1851	Incumbent retired. New delegate elected in 1853. Democratic hold.	▌Y Jose Gallegos (Democratic) ▌William Carr Lane (Whig)[31]
Oregon Territory	Joseph Lane	Democratic	1851	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Joseph Lane (Democratic) [data missing]

See also

• 1852 United States elections
  • List of United States House of Representatives elections (1824–1854)
  • 1852 United States presidential election
  • 1852–53 United States Senate elections
• 32nd United States Congress
• 33rd United States Congress

Notes

1. Includes three Union Whigs and two Union Democrats.
2. Included three Independent Democrats and one Independent Whig.
3. Includes four Southern Rights Democrats.
4. Includes one Independent, one Independent Democrat, and the Benton Independent.
5. In 1845, Congress passed a law providing for a uniform date for choosing presidential electors (see: Statutes at Large, 28th Congress, 2nd Session, p. 721). Congressional elections were unaffected by this law, but the date was gradually adopted by the states for congressional elections as well.
6. Includes 1 Independent Democrat, William Henry Bissell, elected to IL-08.
7. Caleb Lyon was elected to NY-23 as an Independent.
8. Previous election had 1 Constitutional Union member.
9. Previous election had 6 Constitutional Union and 2 States' Rights.
10. Previous election had 3 Constitutional Union and 1 States' Rights.
11. Full name unpublished in source, presumably Alexander Wilkin (Whig)

References

1. 9 Stat. 432
2. 10 Stat. 25
3. Guide to U.S. Elections. Vol. II (6th ed.). Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. 2010. p. 1016. ISBN 9781604265361. LCCN 2009033938. OCLC 430736650.
4. "Our Campaigns - CA - at Large Race - Nov 02, 1852".
5. "State of Connecticut Elections Database » Search Past Election Results". State of Connecticut Elections Database. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
6. "Our Campaigns - MA District 1 - 1st Trial Race - Nov 08, 1852".
7. "Our Campaigns - MA District 1 - 2nd Trial Race - Dec 13, 1852".
8. "MI - District 01 Race - Nov 02, 1852". Our Campaigns. January 11, 2010. Retrieved June 27, 2022.
9. "MI - District 02 Race - Nov 02, 1852". Our Campaigns. January 11, 2010. Retrieved June 27, 2022.
10. "MI - District 03 Race - Nov 02, 1852". Our Campaigns. January 11, 2010. Retrieved June 27, 2022.
11. "MI - District 04 Race - Nov 02, 1852". Our Campaigns. January 11, 2010. Retrieved June 27, 2022.
12. "MS - At Large". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 9, 2021.
13. "MS - District 01". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 9, 2021.
14. "MS - District 02". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 9, 2021.
15. "MS - District 03". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 9, 2021.
16. "MS - District 04". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 9, 2021.
17. "TN - District 01". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
18. "TN - District 02". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
19. "TN - District 03". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
20. "TN - District 04". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
21. "TN - District 05". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
22. "TN - District 06". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
23. "TN - District 07". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
24. "TN - District 08". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
25. "TN - District 09". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
26. "TN - District 10". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
27. "VT Elections Database » Vermont Election Results and Statistics". VT Elections Database. Retrieved August 29, 2024.
28. "Virginia Elections Database » Virginia Election Results and Statistics". Virginia Elections Database. Retrieved August 31, 2024.
29. "Wisconsin U.S. House Election Results" (PDF). Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 5, 2012. Retrieved March 8, 2022 – via Wayback Machine.
30. Greeley, Horace (February 22, 1868). "The Tribune Almanac for the Years L838 to L868, Inclusive: Comprehending the Politician's Register and the Whig Almanac, Containing Annual Election Returns by States and Counties ... Political Essays ... &c., Making a Connected Political History for Thirty Years". New York tribune – via Google Books.
31. "Our Campaigns - NM Territorial Delegate Race - Oct 01, 1853".

Bibliography

• Dubin, Michael J. (March 1, 1998). United States Congressional Elections, 1788-1997: The Official Results of the Elections of the 1st Through 105th Congresses. McFarland and Company. ISBN 978-0786402830.
• Martis, Kenneth C. (January 1, 1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789-1989. Macmillan Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0029201701.
• Moore, John L., ed. (1994). Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections (Third ed.). Congressional Quarterly Inc. ISBN 978-0871879967.
• "Party Divisions of the House of Representatives* 1789–Present". Office of the Historian, House of United States House of Representatives. Retrieved January 21, 2015.

External links

• Office of the Historian (Office of Art & Archives, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives)