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The 1818–19 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1818 and 1819, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock.[1] In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 3.
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14 of the 42 seats in the United States Senate (plus special elections) 22 seats needed for a majority | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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 Results: Dem-Republican hold Dem-Republican gain Legislature Failed To Elect | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The Democratic-Republican Party gained two seats. The Federalists had only three seats being contested, of which they lost two and the third was left vacant due to a failure to elect.
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Senate party division, 16th Congress (1819–1821)
- Majority party: Democratic-Republican (30–37)
- Minority party: Federalist (9)
- Vacant: 3–0
- Total seats: 42–46
Before the elections
After the admission of Illinois.
| DR1 | |||||||||
| DR11 | DR10 | DR9 | DR8 | DR7 | DR6 | DR5 | DR4 | DR3 Ill. New seat |
DR2 |
| DR12 | DR13 | DR14 | DR15 | DR16 | DR17 | DR18 | DR19 | DR20 Ill. Ran |
DR21 Ind. Ran |
| Majority → | DR22 N.C. Ran | ||||||||
| F12 N.Y. Ran |
DR30 Vt. Resigned |
DR29 Pa. Retired |
DR28 Ohio Retired |
DR27 La. Retired |
DR26 N.H. Unknown |
DR25 Ky. Unknown |
DR24 Ga. Unknown |
DR23 S.C. Ran | |
| F11 Md. Ran |
F10 Conn. Ran |
F9 | F8 | F7 | F6 | F5 | F4 | F3 | F2 |
| F1 | |||||||||
Result of the general elections
| DR1 | |||||||||
| DR11 | DR10 | DR9 | DR8 | DR7 | DR6 | DR5 | DR4 | DR3 | DR2 |
| DR12 | DR13 | DR14 | DR15 | DR16 | DR17 | DR18 | DR19 | DR20 Ill. Re-elected |
DR21 Ind. Re-elected |
| Majority → | DR22 N.C. Re-elected | ||||||||
| DR31 Conn. Gain |
DR30 Vt. Hold |
DR29 Pa. Hold |
DR28 Ohio Hold |
DR27 N.H. Hold |
DR26 La. Hold |
DR25 Ky. Hold |
DR24 Ga. Hold |
DR23 S.C. Re-elected | |
| V1 N.Y. F Loss |
V2 Md. F Loss |
F9 | F8 | F7 | F6 | F5 | F4 | F3 | F2 |
| F1 | |||||||||
Results of the 1819 special elections
| DR1 | DR2 | ||||||||
| DR12 | DR11 | DR10 Va. Hold |
DR9 Tenn. Hold |
DR8 Ky. Hold |
DR7 Ga. Hold |
DR6 | DR5 | DR4 | DR3 |
| DR13 | DR14 | DR15 | DR16 | DR17 | DR18 | DR19 | DR20 | DR21 | DR22 |
| Majority → | DR23 | ||||||||
| DR32 Ala. Cl.2 New seat |
DR31 | DR30 | DR29 | DR28 | DR27 | DR26 | DR25 | DR24 | |
| DR33 Ala. Cl.3 New seat |
DR34 Md. Cl.1 Gain |
DR35 Md. Cl.3 Gain |
V1 | F8 | F7 | F6 | F5 | F4 | F3 |
| F2 | F1 | ||||||||
| Key: |
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Special elections during the 15th Congress
In these special elections, the winners were seated during 1818 or before March 4, 1819; ordered by election date.
| State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senator | Party | Electoral history | |||
| Louisiana (Class 2) |
William C. C. Claiborne | Democratic- Republican |
1817 | Incumbent died November 23, 1817. New senator elected January 12, 1818. Democratic-Republican hold. |
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| Massachusetts (Class 1) |
Eli P. Ashmun | Federalist | 1816 (special) | Incumbent resigned May 10, 1818. New senator elected June 5, 1818. Federalist hold. |
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| Illinois (Class 3) |
None (new state) | New state. New senators elected October 7, 1818[4] on the first and third ballot. Lots were drawn to assign them, respectively, to Classes 3 and 2. The Class 3 senator had to run again for re-election in 1819; see below. Two Democratic-Republican gains. |
First ballot:
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| Illinois (Class 2) | |||||
| Vermont (Class 3) |
James Fisk | Democratic- Republican |
1817 (special) | Incumbent resigned January 8, 1818 to serve as collector of customs for the district of Vermont. New senator elected October 20, 1818 to finish the term. Winner also elected to the following term, see below. Democratic-Republican hold. |
|
| Georgia (Class 2) |
George M. Troup | Democratic- Republican |
1816 (special) 1816 |
Incumbent resigned September 23, 1818. New senator elected November 7, 1818 on the fourth ballot. Democratic-Republican hold. |
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Races leading to the 16th Congress
In these general elections, the winner was seated on March 4, 1819 (except where noted due to late election); ordered by state.
All of the elections involved the Class 3 seats.
| State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senator | Party | Electoral history | |||
| Connecticut | David Daggett | Federalist | 1813 (special) | Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected October 22, 1818 on the third ballot. Democratic-Republican gain. |
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| Georgia | Charles Tait | Democratic- Republican |
1809 (special) 1813 |
Unknown if incumbent ran for re-election. New senator elected November 11, 1818. Democratic-Republican hold. |
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| Illinois | Ninian Edwards | Democratic- Republican |
1818 | Incumbent re-elected in early February 1819.[4] |
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| Indiana | Waller Taylor | Democratic- Republican |
1816 | Incumbent re-elected December 16, 1818. |
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| Kentucky | Isham Talbot | Democratic- Republican |
1814 (special) | Unknown if incumbent ran for re-election. New senator elected December 17, 1818. Democratic-Republican hold. |
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| Louisiana | Eligius Fromentin | Democratic- Republican |
1813 | Incumbent retired. New senator elected on January 11, 1819, on the second ballot. Democratic-Republican hold. |
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| Maryland | Robert Goldsborough | Federalist | 1813 (special) | Incumbent lost re-election. Legislature failed to elect and the seat became vacant. Federalist loss. |
None. |
| New Hampshire | Clement Storer | Democratic- Republican |
1817 (special) | Unknown if incumbent ran for re-election. New senator elected in 1818 on the third ballot. Democratic-Republican hold. |
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| New York | Rufus King | Federalist | 1813 | Incumbent ran for re-election. Legislature failed to elect and the seat became vacant. Federalist loss. Incumbent was later re-elected in 1820, late in the next Congress. |
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| North Carolina | Nathaniel Macon | Democratic- Republican |
1815 (special) | Incumbent re-elected in 1818.[18] |
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| Ohio | Jeremiah Morrow | Democratic- Republican |
1812 | Incumbent retired. New senator elected January 30, 1819 on the fourth ballot.[20] Democratic-Republican hold. |
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| Pennsylvania | Abner Lacock | Democratic- Republican |
1812 | Incumbent retired. New senator elected December 8, 1818.[21] Democratic-Republican hold. |
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| South Carolina | John Gaillard | Democratic- Republican |
1812 | Incumbent re-elected in 1818.[22] |
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| Vermont | James Fisk | Democratic- Republican |
1817 (special) | Incumbent resigned January 8, 1818 to serve as collector of customs for the district of Vermont. New senator elected October 20, 1818. Winner also elected to finish the term; see above. Democratic-Republican hold. |
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Special elections during the 16th Congress
In these special elections, the winners were seated in 1819 after March 4; ordered by election date. The new Congress was seated December 6, 1819, so some of these late-elected senators were seated after that.
| State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senator | Party | Electoral history | |||
| Tennessee (Class 1) |
John H. Eaton | Democratic- Republican |
1818 (appointed) | Interim appointee elected October 9, 1819. |
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| Georgia (Class 2) |
John Forsyth | Democratic- Republican |
1818 (special) | Incumbent resigned February 17, 1819 to become U.S. Minister to Spain. New senator elected November 6, 1819. Democratic-Republican hold. |
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| Kentucky (Class 2) |
John Crittenden | Democratic- Republican |
1816 | Incumbent resigned March 3, 1819 to return to private practice. New senator elected December 10, 1819. Democratic-Republican hold. |
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| Virginia (Class 2) |
John Eppes | Democratic- Republican |
1816 | Incumbent resigned December 4, 1819 because of ill health. New senator elected December 10, 1819. Democratic-Republican hold. |
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| Alabama (Class 2) |
None (new state) | New state. New senator elected December 14, 1819. Democratic-Republican gain. |
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| Alabama (Class 3) |
None (new state) | New state. New senator elected December 14, 1819. Democratic-Republican gain. |
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| Maryland (Class 3) |
Vacant | Legislature had failed to elect; see above. New senator elected late December 14, 1819 and qualified December 21, 1819. Democratic-Republican gain. |
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| Maryland (Class 1) |
Alexander Hanson | Federalist | 1816 (special) | Incumbent died April 23, 1819. New senator elected December 14, 1819 and qualified December 21, 1819. Democratic-Republican gain. | |
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Georgia (regular)
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Georgia (specials)
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Kentucky (regular)
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Kentucky (special)
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Louisiana (regular)
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Louisiana (special)
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80 members of the Maryland General Assembly | ||||||||||||||||
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Due to both the Class 3 seat falling vacant at the normal end of the term and the Class 1 seat falling vacant due to the death of Alexander Contee Hanson, the legislature voted for both seats simultaneously. Edward Lloyd received the most votes and won the Class 3 seat. William Pinkney received the second-most votes and won the Class 1 seat.[33]
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Vermont (regular)
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Vermont (special)
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