1812–13 United States Senate elections

The 1812–13 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states, coinciding with President James Madison's re-election. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1812 and 1813, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock.^[1] In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 3.

1812–13 United States Senate elections

← 1810 & 1811 Dates vary by state 1814 & 1815 →
12 of the 36 seats in the United States Senate (plus special elections) 19 seats needed for a majority
Majority party Minority party   Party Democratic-Republican Federalist Last election 27 seats 7 seats Seats before 30 6 Seats won 8 4 Seats after 28 8 Seat change 2 2 Seats up 10 2
Results:      Federalist hold      Federalist gain      Dem-Republican hold      Dem-Republican gain      Legislature Failed To Elect
Majority Party before election Democratic-Republican Elected Majority Party Democratic-Republican

The Democratic-Republican Party lost two seats but still retained an overwhelming Senate majority. As in recent elections, the minority Federalists had gone into the elections with such a small share of Senate seats (6 out of 36, or 16.7%) that if they had won every one of the elections, they would still not have controlled a majority.

Change in composition

Before the elections

Composition after September 1812 elections in the new state of Louisiana.

DR8	DR7	DR6	DR5	DR4	DR3	DR2	DR1
DR9	DR10	DR11	DR12	DR13	DR14	DR15	DR16	DR17	DR18
Majority →									DR19
DR28 Pa. Retired	DR27 Ohio Retired	DR26 N.C. Retired	DR25 Ky. Retired	DR24 Md. Unknown	DR23 La. Unknown	DR22 S.C. Ran	DR21 N.Y. Ran	DR20 Ga. Ran
DR29 Vt. Retired	F7 N.H. Ran	F6 Conn. Ran	F5	F4	F3	F2	F1

Result of the regular elections

DR8	DR7	DR6	DR5	DR4	DR3	DR2	DR1
DR9	DR10	DR11	DR12	DR13	DR14	DR15	DR16	DR17	DR18
Majority →									DR19
V1 Md. DR Loss	DR27 S.C. Re-elected	DR26 Ga. Re-elected	DR25 Vt. Hold	DR24 Pa. Hold	DR23 Ohio Hold	DR22 N.C. Hold	DR21 La. Hold	DR20 Ky. Hold
V2 N.H. F Loss	F6 N.Y. Gain	F5 Conn. Re-elected	F5	F4	F3	F2	F1

Key:	DR# Democratic-Republican F# Federalist V# Vacant

Race summaries

Special elections during the 12th Congress

In these special elections, the winners were seated during 1812 or before March 4, 1813; ordered by election date.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
	Senator	Party	Electoral history
Louisiana (Class 2)	None (new state)			Louisiana was admitted to the Union on April 30, 1812. Inaugural senator elected September 3, 1812. Democratic-Republican gain.	▌Y Jean Destréhan (Democratic-Republican) 21 ▌Y Allan Magruder (Democratic-Republican) 21 ▌James Brown (Democratic-Republican) 16 ▌Eligius Fromentin (Democratic-Republican) 5 ▌Livingston (Unknown) 3[2]
Louisiana (Class 3)	None (new state)			Louisiana was admitted to the Union on April 30, 1812. Inaugural senator elected September 3, 1812. Democratic-Republican gain.
Louisiana (Class 2)	Thomas Posey	Democratic- Republican	1812 (appointed)	Jean Destréhan had resigned October 1, 1812 without having qualified. Interim successor appointed October 8, 1812. Interim appointee lost election. New senator elected February 4, 1813 on the second ballot. Democratic-Republican hold.	▌Y James Brown (Democratic-Republican) 26 ▌Thomas Posey (Democratic-Republican) 14 ▌Fulwar Skipwith (Unknown) Eliminated[3]

Races leading to the 13th Congress

In these regular elections, the winner was seated on March 4, 1813 (except where noted due to late election); ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 3 seats.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
	Senator	Party	Electoral history
Connecticut	Chauncey Goodrich	Federalist	1807 (special)	Incumbent re-elected in 1813.	▌Y Chauncey Goodrich (Federalist) [data missing]
Georgia	Charles Tait	Democratic- Republican	1809 (special)	Incumbent re-elected in 1813.	▌Y Charles Tait (Democratic-Republican) [data missing]
Kentucky	John Pope	Democratic- Republican	1806	Incumbent retired. New senator elected January 12, 1813 on the third ballot. Democratic-Republican hold.	▌Y Jesse Bledsoe (Democratic-Republican) 56 ▌Stephen Ormsby (Democratic-Republican) 51 ▌Anthony Butler (Unknown) Eliminated ▌Isham Talbot (Democratic-Republican) Eliminated[4]
Louisiana	Allan B. Magruder	Democratic- Republican	1812	Incumbent retired or lost re-election. New senator elected in 1813. Democratic-Republican hold.	▌Y Eligius Fromentin (Democratic-Republican) 25 ▌Thomas Posey (Democratic-Republican) 13 ▌Richard Butler (Unknown) 6 Blank[5]
Maryland	Philip Reed	Democratic- Republican	1806 (special) 1806	Incumbent retired or lost re-election. Legislature failed to elect. Democratic-Republican loss.	[data missing]
New Hampshire	Charles Cutts	Federalist	1810 (special)	Incumbent lost re-election. Legislature failed to elect after 12 ballots. Federalist loss.	▌Jedediah Kilburn Smith (Democratic-Republican) 89 ▌John Goddard (Unknown) 83 ▌Charles Cutts (Federalist) 3 ▌David L. Morril (Democratic-Republican) 1[6]
New York	John Smith	Democratic- Republican	1804 (special) 1807	Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected February 2, 1813. Federalist gain.	▌Y Rufus King (Federalist) 51.5% ▌James W. Wilkin (Democratic-Republican) 46.2% ▌John Smith (Democratic-Republican) 2.3%[7]
North Carolina	Jesse Franklin	Democratic- Republican	1799 1804 (lost) 1806	Incumbent retired. New senator elected in 1812. Democratic-Republican hold.	▌Y David Stone (Democratic-Republican) 100 ▌Archibald Murphey (Democratic-Republican) 83 ▌Thomas Davis (Democratic-Republican) 12[8]
Ohio	Alexander Campbell	Democratic- Republican	1809 (special)	Incumbent retired. New senator elected February 6, 1813. Democratic-Republican hold.	▌Y Jeremiah Morrow (Democratic-Republican) 63 ▌Calvin Pease (Unknown) 18[9]
Pennsylvania	Andrew Gregg	Democratic- Republican	1806	Incumbent retired. New senator elected December 8, 1812. Democratic-Republican hold.	▌Y Abner Lacock (Democratic-Republican) 63 ▌Daniel Montgomery Jr. (Democratic-Republican) 26 ▌James Brady (Independent) 22 ▌Isaac Weaver (Democratic-Republican) 6 Not voting 5[10]
South Carolina	John Gaillard	Democratic- Republican	1804 (special) 1806	Incumbent re-elected in late 1812.[11]	▌Y John Gaillard (Democratic-Republican) 118 ▌Henry Middleton (Democratic-Republican) 37 ▌James Gowdy (Unknown) 1[11]
Vermont	Stephen R. Bradley	Democratic- Republican	1791 1795 (lost) 1801 (special) 1806	Incumbent retired. New senator elected October 21, 1812. Democratic-Republican hold.	▌Y Dudley Chase (Democratic-Republican) ▌Royall Tyler (Democratic-Republican) 94 Scattering 4[12]

Special elections during the 13th Congress

In these special elections, the winners were seated in 1813 after March 4; ordered by election date.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
	Senator	Party	Electoral history
Massachusetts (Class 1)	James Lloyd	Federalist	1808 (special) 1808	Resigned May 1, 1813. New senator elected May 5, 1813. Federalist hold.	▌Y Christopher Gore (Federalist) 381 ▌William King (Democratic-Republican) 10 Scattering 102[13]
Connecticut (Class 3)	Chauncey Goodrich	Federalist	1807 (special) 1812	Incumbent resigned May 13, 1813 to become Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut. New senator elected May 13, 1813. Federalist hold.	▌Y David Daggett (Federalist) [data missing]
Maryland (Class 3)	Vacant			Legislature had failed to elect. New senator elected May 21, 1813. Federalist gain.	▌Y Robert Henry Goldsborough (Federalist) 53 ▌Edward Lloyd (Democratic-Republican) 35[14]
Delaware (Class 2)	James A. Bayard	Federalist	1804 (special) 1805 1811	Resigned March 3, 1813. New senator elected May 21, 1813. Federalist hold.	▌Y William H. Wells (Federalist) 14 ▌George Monro (Democratic-Republican) 10 ▌Richard Bassett (Federalist) 1[15]
New Hampshire (Class 3)	Charles Cutts	Federalist	1810 (special) 1813 (appointed)	Interim appointee lost election. New senator elected June 10, 1813 on the second ballot. Federalist hold.	▌Y Jeremiah Mason (Federalist) 129 ▌Charles Cutts (Federalist) 39 ▌John Goddard (Unknown) Eliminated Scattering 4[16]
Georgia (Class 2)	William Bulloch	Democratic- Republican	1813 (appointed)	Interim appointee retired or lost re-election. New senator elected November 6, 1813. Democratic-Republican hold.	▌Y William W. Bibb (Democratic-Republican) 79 ▌J. Macintosh (Unknown) 39[17]

Connecticut

See also: List of United States senators from Connecticut and 1812 United States House of Representatives election in Connecticut

Connecticut (regular)

Connecticut (special)

Delaware (special)

See also: List of United States senators from Delaware

Georgia

See also: List of United States senators from Georgia and 1812 United States House of Representatives election in Georgia

Georgia (regular)

Georgia (special)

Kentucky

See also: List of United States senators from Kentucky

Louisiana

See also: List of United States senators from Louisiana

Maryland

See also: List of United States senators from Maryland

Maryland (regular)

The Maryland legislature failed to elect a senator before the March 3, 1813, the beginning of the term. Robert Henry Goldsborough was appointed to fill the seat.

Maryland (special)

1813 United States Senate special election in Maryland

← 1806 May 20, 1813 1819 →
80 members of the Maryland General Assembly
Candidate Robert Henry Goldsborough Edward Lloyd Party Federalist Democratic-Republican Legislative vote 47 35 Percentage 58.75% 41.25%

Robert H. Goldsborough won election over Edward Lloyd by a margin of 20.45%, or 18 votes, for the Class 3 seat.^[18]

Massachusetts (special)

See also: List of United States senators from Massachusetts

New Hampshire

See also: List of United States senators from New Hampshire and 1812 United States House of Representatives election in New Hampshire

New Hampshire (regular)

New Hampshire (special)

New York

Main article: 1813 United States Senate election in New York

See also: List of United States senators from New York

North Carolina

See also: List of United States senators from North Carolina

Ohio

See also: List of United States senators from Ohio

Pennsylvania

See also: List of United States senators from Pennsylvania

South Carolina

See also: List of United States senators from South Carolina

Vermont

See also: List of United States senators from Vermont

See also

• 1812 United States elections
  • 1812–13 United States House of Representatives elections
  • 1812 United States presidential election
• 12th United States Congress
• 13th United States Congress

References

1. "17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators (1913)". National Archives and Records Administration. February 8, 2022.
2. "Louisiana 1812 U.S. Senate". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 22, 2018., citing American Watchman; and Delaware Republican (Wilmington, DE). October 14, 1812.
3. "Louisiana 1812 U.S. Senate, Special, Ballot 2". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 22, 2018., citing The Louisiana Gazette and New-Orleans Advertiser (New Orleans, LA). December 3, 1812.
4. "Kentucky 1813 U.S. Senate, Ballot 3". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 22, 2018., citing Muskingum Messenger (Zanesville, OH). January 27, 1813.
5. "Louisiana 1813 U.S. Senate". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 23, 2018., citing Courrier de la Louisiane (New Orleans, LA). January 22, 1813.
6. "New Hampshire 1812 U.S. Senate, Ballot 12". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 23, 2018., citing Concord Gazette (Concord, NH). December 29, 1812.
7. "NY US Senate". Our Campaigns. August 8, 2012. Retrieved February 23, 2015.
8. "North Carolina 1812 U.S. Senate". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 23, 2018., citing The Star (Raleigh, NC). December 11, 1812.
9. Taylor, William A. (1900). Ohio in Congress from 1803 to 1901 with Notes and Sketches of Senators and Representatives and Other Historical Data and Incidents. Columbus, Ohio: The XX. Century Publishing Co. p. 98 – via Google Books.
10. "Pennsylvania 1812 U.S. Senate". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 23, 2018., citing Journal of the Pennsylvania State Senate, 1812. 41–43.
11. "South Carolina 1812 U.S. Senate". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 23, 2018., citing City Gazette and Commercial Advertiser (Charleston, SC). December 10, 1812.
12. "Vermont 1812 U.S. Senate". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Archived from the original on March 2, 2020. Retrieved February 23, 2018., citing Columbian Phenix: or, Providence Patriot (Providence, RI). October 31, 1812.
13. "Massachusetts 1813 U.S. Senate, Special". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 23, 2018., citing The Virginia Patriot (Richmond, VA). June 11, 1813.
14. "Maryland 1813 U.S. Senate". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 23, 2018., citing Republican Star or Eastern Shore General Advertiser (Easton, MD). May 25, 1813.
15. "Delaware 1813 U.S. Senate, Special". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 23, 2018., citing Journal of the Delaware State Senate, 1813. 12.
16. "New Hampshire 1813 U.S. Senate, Ballot 2". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 23, 2018., citing Portsmouth Oracle (Portsmouth, NH). June 12, 1813.
17. "Georgia 1813 U.S. Senate, Special". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 23, 2018., citing Liberty Hall (Cincinnati, OH). December 14, 1813.
18. "Our Campaigns - MD US Senate Race - May 20, 1813". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2022-11-05.

External links

• Party Division in the Senate, 1789–Present, via Senate.gov