Private Use Areas

This article is about the Unicode PUA range of codepoints. For other uses, see Private use area (disambiguation).

In Unicode, a Private Use Area (PUA) is a range of code points that, by definition, will not be assigned characters by the standard.^[1] Three private use areas are defined: one in the Basic Multilingual Plane (U+E000–U+F8FF), and one each in, and nearly covering, planes 15 and 16 (U+F0000–U+FFFFD, U+100000–U+10FFFD). They are intentionally left undefined so that third parties may assign their own characters without conflicting with Unicode Consortium assignments. Under the Unicode Stability Policy,^[2] the Private Use Areas will remain allocated for that purpose in all future Unicode versions.

Assignments to Private Use Area characters need not be "private" in the sense of strictly internal to an organisation; a number of assignment schemes have been published by several organisations. Such publication may include a font that supports the definition (showing the glyphs), and software making use of the private-use characters (e.g. a graphics character for a "print document" function). By definition, multiple private parties may assign different characters to the same code point, with the consequence that a user may see one private character from an installed font where a different one was intended.

Definition

Under the Unicode definition, code points in the Private Use Areas are not noncharacters, reserved, or unassigned. Their category is "Other, private use (Co)", and no character names are specified. No representative glyphs are provided, and character semantics are left to private agreement.

Private-use characters are assigned Unicode code points whose interpretation is not specified by this standard and whose use may be determined by private agreement among cooperating users. These characters are designated for private use and do not have defined, interpretable semantics except by private agreement. ... No charts are provided for private-use characters, as any such characters are, by their very nature, defined only outside the context of this standard.^[3]

Assignment

In the Basic Multilingual Plane (plane 0), the block titled Private Use Area has 6400 code points.

Planes 15 and 16 are almost^{[note 1]} entirely assigned to two further Private Use Areas, Supplementary Private Use Area-A and Supplementary Private Use Area-B respectively. In UTF-16 a subset of the high surrogates (U+DB80..U+DBFF) is used for these and only these planes, and are called High Private Use Surrogates.

v t e Unicode: Private Use Areas
Definition by character property: General Category=Co[a][b]
Range	Plane	Block name	Number of code points	Note
U+E000..U+F8FF	BMP (0)	Private Use Area	6,400
U+F0000..U+FFFFD[c]	PUP (15)[d]	Supplementary Private Use Area-A	65,534	UTF-16 encodes these characters using codepoints from the block High Private Use Surrogates (U+DB80..U+DBFF) in the BMP.
U+100000..U+10FFFD[c]	PUP (16)[d]	Supplementary Private Use Area-B	65,534
Notes ^ Unicode 16.0 Data ^ The Unicode Standard, Section 23.5: Private-Use Characters ^ Code points U+FFFFE, U+FFFFF, U+10FFFE, and U+10FFFF are noncharacters, not private-use characters. ^ Private Use Plane: Unicode has not published identifying names for planes 15 and 16. Chapter 2.8 says The two Private Use Planes (Planes 15 and 16), while the PUA block names used are Supplementary PUA-A and Supplementary PUA-B.

Unicode PUA blocks

There are three PUA blocks in Unicode.^[3]

Private Use Area
Range	U+E000..U+F8FF (6,400 code points)
Plane	BMP
Scripts	Unknown
Assigned	6,400 code points
Unused	0 reserved code points
Unicode version history
1.0.0 (1991)	5,632 (+5,632)
1.0.1 (1992)	6,400 (+768)
Unicode documentation
Code chart ∣ Web page
Note: Version 1.0.1 moved and expanded the Private Use Area block (previously located at U+E800-U+FDFF in version 1.0.0).[4][5][6]

Supplementary Private Use Area-A
Range	U+F0000..U+FFFFF (65,536 code points)
Plane	SPUA-A
Scripts	Unknown
Assigned	65,534 code points
Unused	0 reserved code points 2 non-characters
Unicode version history
2.0 (1996)	65,534 (+65,534)
Chart
Code chart
Note: [5][6]

Supplementary Private Use Area-B
Range	U+100000..U+10FFFF (65,536 code points)
Plane	SPUA-B
Scripts	Unknown
Assigned	65,534 code points
Unused	0 reserved code points 2 non-characters
Unicode version history
2.0 (1996)	65,534 (+65,534)
Chart
Code chart
Note: [5][6]

History

In Unicode 1.0.0, the private use area extended from U+E800 to U+FDFF (i.e. did not include U+E000..E7FF, but additionally included the U+F900..FDFF range now occupied by CJK Compatibility Ideographs, Alphabetic Presentation Forms and Arabic Presentation Forms-A).^[7] This was changed to U+E000..F8FF in Unicode 1.0.1,^[4] and remained so in Unicode 1.1.^[8] Contrary to misconception, the range U+D800..DFFF (reserved for UTF-16 surrogates since Unicode 2.0) was not included in the private use range of any Unicode 1.x version.

Historically, planes E0 (224) through FF (255), and groups 60 (96) though 7F (127) of the Universal Coded Character Set (i.e. U+E00000 through U+FFFFFF and U+60000000 through U+7FFFFFFF) were also designated as private use. These ranges were removed from the specified private-use ranges when the UCS was restricted to the seventeen planes reachable in UTF-16.^[9]

Usage

Standardization initiative uses

Many people and institutions have created character collections for the PUA. Some of these private use agreements are published, so other PUA implementers can aim for unused or less-used code points to prevent overlaps. Several characters and scripts previously encoded in private use agreements have actually been fully encoded in Unicode, necessitating mappings from the PUA to other Unicode code points.

One of the more well-known and broadly implemented PUA agreements is maintained by the ConScript Unicode Registry (CSUR). The CSUR, which is not officially endorsed or associated with the Unicode Consortium, provides a mapping for constructed scripts, such as Klingon pIqaD and Ferengi script (Star Trek), Tengwar and Cirth (J.R.R. Tolkien's cursive and runic scripts), Alexander Melville Bell's Visible Speech, and Dr. Seuss' alphabet from On Beyond Zebra. The CSUR previously encoded the undeciphered Phaistos characters, as well as the Shavian and Deseret alphabets, which have all been accepted for official encoding in Unicode.

Another common PUA agreement is maintained by the Medieval Unicode Font Initiative (MUFI). This project is attempting to support all of the scribal abbreviations, ligatures, precomposed characters, symbols, and alternate letterforms found in medieval texts written in the Latin alphabet. The express purpose of MUFI is to experimentally determine which characters are necessary to represent these texts, and to have those characters officially encoded in Unicode. As of Unicode version 5.1, 152 MUFI characters have been incorporated into the official Unicode encoding.^{[needs update]}

Some agreed-upon PUA character collections exist in part or whole because the Unicode Consortium is in no hurry to encode them. Some, such as unrepresented languages, are likely to end up encoded in the future. Some unusual cases such as fictional languages are outside the usual scope of Unicode but not explicitly ruled out by the principles of Unicode, and may show up eventually (such as the Star Trek and Tolkien writing systems). In other cases, the proposed encoding violates one or more Unicode principles and hence is unlikely to ever be officially recognized by Unicode—mostly where users want to directly encode alternate forms, ligatures, or base-character-plus-diacritic combinations (such as the TUNE scheme).

Publishing organization	Topic	PUA area used	Font
CSUR	Artificial and some ancient/medieval scripts	PUA (BMP) and Plane 15	Code2000
MUFI	Medieval scripts	PUA (BMP)	several
SIL	Phonetics and languages	PUA (BMP)	Charis SIL
TITUS	Ancient and medieval scripts	PUA (BMP)	TITUS Cyberbit Basic

• Emoji is an encoding for picture characters or emoticons used in Japanese wireless messages and webpages. With Unicode 6.0 and later, many of these have been encoded in the block Miscellaneous Symbols And Pictographs and elsewhere in the SMP.
• GB/T 20542-2006 ("Tibetan Coded Character Set Extension A") and GB/T 22238-2008 ("Tibetan Coded Character Set Extension B") are Chinese national standards that use the PUA to encode precomposed Tibetan ligatures.
• GB 18030 and GBK use the PUA to provisionally encode characters not found in Unicode standards at the time of publication (most have been encoded since then).
• The Institute of the Estonian Language uses the PUA to encode Latin and Cyrillic precomposed characters^[10] that have no Unicode encoding.
• The Free Tengwar Font Project uses a different mapping from the ConScript Unicode Registry that largely follows Michael Everson's 2001-03-07 Tengwar discussion paper, but diverges in some details.
• The MARC 21 standard uses the PUA to encode East Asian characters present in MARC-8^[11] that have no Unicode encoding.
• The SIL Corporate PUA uses the PUA to encode characters used in minority languages that have not yet been accepted into Unicode.
• The STIX Fonts project uses the PUA to provide a comprehensive font set of mathematical symbols and alphabets, many of which are also available in the SMP now, e.g. in the Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols block.
• The Tamil Unicode New Encoding (TUNE)^[12] is a proposed scheme for encoding Tamil that overcomes perceived deficiencies in the current Unicode encoding.

Vendor use

"U+F8FF" redirects here. For the company, see Apple (company).

Informally, the range U+F000 through U+F8FF is known as the Corporate Use Area. This originates from early versions of Unicode, which defined an "End User Zone" extending from U+E000 upward and a "Corporate Use Zone" extending from U+F8FF downward, with the boundary between the two left undefined.^[8]

• The Adobe Glyph List used to use the PUA for some of its glyphs.^[13]
• Apple lists a range of 1,280 characters in its developer documentation^[14] from U+F400–U+F8FF within the PUA for Apple's use. Of those, only 311 are used, in the range U+F700–U+F8FF (NeXT (NeXTSTEP and OPENSTEP) and Apple (macOS AppKit)).^[15]
  • One of these is U+F8FF, the Apple logo, generally supported by Apple's 8-bit sets.
• WGL4 uses the PUA (U+F001 and U+F002) to encode duplicates of the ligatures fi (U+FB01) fl (U+FB02).^[16]
• Microsoft's defunct Services For Macintosh feature used U+F001 through U+F029 as replacements for special characters allowed in HFS but forbidden in NTFS, and U+F02A for the Apple logo.^[17][18]
• In old versions of its RichEdit component, Microsoft mapped U+F020–U+F0FF within the PUA to symbol fonts. For any character in this range, RichEdit would show a character from a symbol font instead of the end-user-defined character (EUDC)^[19][20]
• AutoCAD^{[clarification needed]} uses U+F8FC–U+F8FE for ⌀ (diameter sign), ± (plus–minus sign) and ° (degree sign) respectively.
• Some fonts place the Windows logo at U+F000.
• Number U+F000 is a numeral succession starting at 13 or 18 in some video games like Agar.io.
• On Ubuntu, U+E0FF is displayed as the "Circle Of Friends" logo^[21] and U+F200 is "ubuntu" in the Ubuntu typeface with a superscripted "Circle Of Friends" (this itself is U+F0FF).^[22]
• The 3270 font includes the Debian logo at U+F100.
• In the Linux Libertine font, U+E000 displays Tux, the mascot of Linux
• The Font Awesome icon font uses the PUA to display various glyphs.
• Powerline, a status line plugin for Vim, uses U+E0A0–U+E0A2 and U+E0B0–U+E0B3 for extra box-drawing characters.^[23][24][25]
• On the Fira Sans typeface used in Firefox OS, U+E003 is displayed as the Mozilla logo (the dinosaur head).
• Lotus Multi-Byte Character Set (LMBCS), the encoding and character set internally used by Lotus/IBM Lotus 1-2-3, Symphony, SmartSuite, Notes, Domino as well as a number of third-party products such as Microsoft Works, uses some characters (U+F862-U+F89F and U+F8FB-U+F8FE) in the Private Use Area for symbols not defined in Unicode. Of these, U+F8FB is known to be reserved for a crown currency symbol ("Kr"), and U+F8FC and U+F8FD were later mapped to U+FB02 (fl) and U+FB01 (fi) respectively. Additionally, when UTF-16 codes are embedded in LMBCS, the UTF-16 codes corresponding to U+F601 through U+F6FF are substituted for UTF-16 codes which would contain null bytes, since LMBCS is designed to not contain embedded null bytes.^[26][27]
• IBM reserved several code page IDs for PUA code pages: code page 1446 for the generic plane 15, code page 1447 for the generic plane 16, code page 1448 for the generic BMP PUA, code page 1445 (IBM AFP PUA No. 1) for plane 15 with IBM allocations in U+FFF00–U+FFFFD,^[28][29] and code page 1449 (IBM default PUA) for the BMP PUA with IBM allocations in U+F83D–U+F8FF.^[30][31]
• The file system found in Windows uses the U+F000 to U+F0FF block to escape special characters.
• NetApp translates characters in filenames that are allowed on Unix but invalid for SMB clients to PUA characters.^[32]
• Twitter's Chirp font provides some additional icons, like U+E000 which corresponds to a left down arrow, U+EA00 which corresponds to the Twitter bird, and U+F8FF which corresponds to an Apple logo, possibly for compatibility with Apple fonts.^[33]

Private-use characters in other character sets

The concept of reserving specific code points for Private Use is based on similar earlier usage in other character sets. In particular, many otherwise obsolete characters in East Asian scripts continue to be used in specific names or other situations, and so some character sets for those scripts made allowance for private-use characters (such as the user-defined planes of CNS 11643, or gaiji in certain Japanese encodings). The Unicode standard references these uses under the name "End User Character Definition" (EUCD).^[3]

Additionally, the C1 control block contains two codes intended for private use "control functions" by ECMA-48: 0x91 private use one (PU1) and 0x92 private use two (PU2).^[34][35] Unicode includes these at U+0091 <control-0091> and U+0092 <control-0092> but defines them as control characters (category Cc), not private-use characters (category Co).^[5][36]

Encodings which do not have private use areas but have more or less unused areas, such as ISO/IEC 8859 and Shift JIS, have seen uncontrolled variants of these encodings evolve.^[37] For Unicode, software companies can use the Private Use Areas for their desired additions.

Notes

1. The last two characters of every plane are defined to be noncharacters. The remaining 65,534 characters of each of planes 15 and 16 are assigned as private-use characters.

References

1. "Glossary of Unicode Terms: "Private Use Area (PUA)"". Unicode Consortium.
2. "Unicode Character Encoding Stability Policy". 2021-11-10. Retrieved 2022-03-03.
3. "Chapter 23 Special Areas and Format Characters" (PDF). The Unicode Standard Version 14.0 - Core Specification. Private Use characters.
4. "Unicode 1.0.1" (PDF). The Unicode Standard. 1992-11-03. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-07-02. Retrieved 2016-07-09.
5. "Unicode character database". The Unicode Standard. Retrieved 2023-07-26.
6. "Enumerated Versions of The Unicode Standard". The Unicode Standard. Retrieved 2023-07-26.
7. "3.5: Private Use Area" (PDF). The Unicode Standard, Version 1.0, Volume 1. Unicode Consortium. 1991. pp. 118–119. ISBN 0-201-56788-1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-10-21. Retrieved 2021-10-11.
8. "2.0: Changes in Unicode 1.0" (PDF). The Unicode Standard, Version 1.1. Unicode Consortium. pp. 3–4. UTR #4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-11-20. Retrieved 2021-10-11.
9. Whistler, Ken (2000). "Necessary changes for ISO/IEC 10646 regarding the PUA". UTC/00-015. Archived from the original on 2021-06-23. Retrieved 2021-01-30.
10. "Letter Database". Eki.ee. Archived from the original on 2018-05-21. Retrieved 2013-04-11.
11. "Character Sets: East Asian Characters: Alternative Unicode Mappings for MARC 21 Characters Assigned to the Private Use Area (PUA): MARC 21 Specifications for Record Structure, Character Sets, and Exchange Media". Library of Congress. 2004-09-02. Archived from the original on 2013-08-19. Retrieved 2013-04-11.
12. "tunerfc.tn.nic.in". tunerfc.tn.nic.in. Archived from the original on 2010-07-29. Retrieved 2013-04-11.
13. "Unicode Corporate Use Subarea as used by Adobe Systems". October 22, 1998. Archived from the original on October 9, 2002. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
14. "NSOpenStepUnicodeReservedBase - Apple Developer Documentation". Apple Inc. Archived from the original on 2020-11-06. Retrieved 2020-10-16.
15. Apple Computer, Inc. (2005) [1994]. "CORPCHAR.TXT - Registry (external version) of Apple use of Unicode corporate-zone characters". c03. Unicode Inc. Archived from the original on 2020-10-30. Retrieved 2020-10-16.
16. "WGL4 Unicode Range U+2013 through U+FB02". Microsoft. Archived from the original on 2014-07-17.
17. "SFM Converts Macintosh HFS Filenames to NTFS Unicode". Microsoft Support. February 24, 2014. Archived from the original on May 27, 2016.
18. "ntfs.util.c". 2008. Archived from the original on 2018-08-07. Retrieved 2018-08-07. Invalid NTFS filename characters are encodeded [sic] using the SFM (Services for Macintosh) private use Unicode characters.
19. "The range of characters between U+F020 and U+F0FF in the Private Use Area of Unicode is mapped to symbol fonts in Richedit 4.1". Microsoft Knowledge Base. Archived from the original on 2012-10-22.
20. "Handling of PUA Characters in Microsoft Software". SIL International. 2003-04-25. Archived from the original on 2015-05-11. Retrieved 2014-03-04.
21. "Comment #8 : Bug #651606 (circle-of-friends) : Bugs : Ubuntu Font Family". Launchpad. 5 October 2010. Archived from the original on 2020-10-17. Retrieved 2020-10-17.
22. "Comment #2 : Bug #853855 : Bugs : Ubuntu Font Family". Launchpad. 26 September 2011. Archived from the original on 2020-10-17. Retrieved 2020-10-17.
23. "Powerline status line plugin question on Stack Exchange mentioning private use area characters". Archived from the original on 2015-03-12. Retrieved 2015-03-22.
24. "Pictures showing private use area characters in Powerline patched fonts". Archived from the original on 2015-05-11. Retrieved 2015-03-22.
25. Li, Renzhi (2019-08-23). "Proposal to add additional characters into the Graphics for Legacy Computing block of the UCS" (PDF). Retrieved 2023-07-31.
26. "lmb-excp.ucm". GitHub. 2000-02-10. Archived from the original on 2022-01-25. Retrieved 2020-04-23.
27. "Anhang 2. Der Lotus Multibyte Zeichensatz (LMBCS)" [Appendix 2. The Lotus Multibyte Character Set (LMBCS)]. Lotus 1-2-3 Version 3.1 Referenzhandbuch [Lotus 1-2-3 Version 3.1 Reference Manual] (in German) (1 ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts, US: Lotus Development Corporation. 1989. pp. A2–1 – A2–13. 302168.
28. "CPGID 01445 (chart)" (PDF). REGISTRY: Graphic Character Sets and Code Pages. 2012 [2011]. C-H 3-3220-050. The area shown in the chart above represents only 254 bytes of row FF in plane 0F.
29. "CPGID 01445: IBM AFP PUA No. 1". REGISTRY: Graphic Character Sets and Code Pages. 2012 [2011]. C-H 3-3220-050. The area shown in the chart above represents only 254 bytes of row FF in plane 0F.
30. "CPGID 01449: IBM default PUA". IBM Globalization: Code page identifiers. IBM. Archived from the original on 2015-09-16. IBM has designated 195 positions from U+F83D to U+F8FF for use as IBM Corporate-zone and intends to use them consistently within IBM whenever there is a need to maintain the round-trip integrity of IBM characters.
31. IBM (1997). unicode.nam: Allow the Unicode characters to be specified using either the IBM or PostScript like names. (Included with Borgendale, Ken, OS/2 Codepage and Keyboard Display Tools)
32. "Configure character mapping for SMB file name translation on volumes". 9 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-10-14.
33. "Twitter Chirp Font". Copy Paste Dump. Retrieved 2022-02-08.
34. "Standard ECMA-48, Fifth Edition - June 1991" (PDF). §8.2.14 Miscellaneous control functions, §8.3.100, §8.3.101.
35. ISO/TC97/SC2 (1983-10-01). C1 Control Character Set of ISO 6429 (PDF). ITSCJ/IPSJ. ISO-IR-77.{{citation}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
36. "Chapter 4 Character Properties" (PDF). The Unicode Standard Version 14.0 - Core Specification. Table 4-4.
37. "Map (external version) from Mac OS Japanese encoding to Unicode 2.1 and later". Archived from the original on 2021-08-31. Retrieved 2021-10-08.