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10th century geography book written in Persian by an unknown author From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Ḥudūd al-ʿĀlam (Arabic: حدود العالم, lit. "Boundaries of the World," "Limits of the World," or in also in English "The Regions of the World"[1]) is a 10th-century geography book written in Persian by an anonymous author from Guzgan (present day northern Afghanistan),[2] possibly Šaʿyā bin Farīghūn.[1] The title in full is حدود العالم من المشرق الی المغرب (Ḥudūd al-ʿĀlam min al-Mashriq ilá l-Maghrib, lit. "The Boundaries of The World from The East to the West").
The sections of its geographical treatise which describes the margins of Islamic world, are of great historical importance, including early descriptions of the Turkic peoples in Central Asia.[3] Also noteworthy is the archaic language and style of the Ḥudud, which makes it a valuable Persian linguistic document as well.[1]
In regards to the title, Vladimir Minorsky commented on it in his 1937 translation as follows: "The word ḥudūd (properly 'boundaries') in our case evidently refers to the 'regions within definite boundaries' into which the world is divided in the Ḥ.-'Ā., the author indicating with special care the frontiers of each one of these areas, v.i., p. 30."
Finished in 982 CE, it was dedicated to Abu'l Haret Muhammad, the ruler of the Farighunids. Its author is unknown, but Vladimir Minorsky surmised that it might have been written by the enigmatic Šaʿyā bin Farīghūn.[1] The available text of Ḥudūd al-ʿĀlam is part of a larger manuscript which contains other works:
The Ḥudūd al-ʿĀlam contains information about the known world at the time. The anonymous author reports about different countries (nāḥiyat), people, languages, clothing, food, religion, local products, towns and cities, rivers, seas, lakes, islands, the steppe, deserts, topography, politics and dynasties, as well as trade. The inhabited world is divided in Asia, Europe and "Libya" (i.e. the Maghreb). The author counts 45 countries north of the equator.[citation needed] Among other things, Hudud al-Alam appears to mention a Rus' Khaganate; it refers to the Rus' king as "Khāqān-i Rus".[4]
The author never visited those countries personally, but rather compiled the book from earlier works and tales.[5] He did not indicate his sources, but researchers deduced several 9th-century sources.[5] Minorsky (1937) reconstructed them as follows:
The Orientalist scholar Alexander Tumansky found a manuscript with a copy of this text in 1892 in Bukhara. The copy from the original was made by the Persian chronographer Abu l-Mu'ayyad ʿAbd al-Qayyūm ibn al-Ḥusain ibn 'Alī al-Farīsī in 1258.[2] The facsimile edition with introduction and index was published by Vasily Bartold in 1930; a thoroughly commented English translation was made by Vladmir Minorsky in 1937, and a printed Persian text by Manouchehr Sotudeh in 1962.[15]
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