Eurovision Song Contest 1998

The Eurovision Song Contest 1998 was the 43rd edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest, held on 9 May 1998 at the National Indoor Arena in Birmingham, United Kingdom. Organised by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) and host broadcaster the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) and presented by Terry Wogan and Ulrika Jonsson, the contest was held in the United Kingdom following the country's victory at the 1997 contest with the song "Love Shine a Light" by Katrina and the Waves.

Eurovision Song Contest 1998
Dates
Final	9 May 1998
Host
Venue	National Indoor Arena Birmingham, United Kingdom
Presenter(s)	Terry Wogan Ulrika Jonsson
Musical director	Martin Koch
Directed by	Geoff Posner
Executive supervisor	Christine Marchal-Ortiz
Executive producer	Kevin Bishop
Host broadcaster	British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)
Website	eurovision.tv/event/birmingham-1998
Participants
Number of entries	25
Debuting countries	Macedonia
Returning countries	Belgium  Finland  Israel  Romania  Slovakia
Non-returning countries	Austria  Bosnia and Herzegovina  Denmark  Iceland  Italy  Russia
Participation map      Competing countries     Relegated countries unable to participate due to poor results in previous contests     Countries that participated in the past but not in 1998
Vote
Voting system	Each country awarded 12, 10, 8–1 points to their ten favourite songs
Winning song	Israel "Diva"
1997 ← Eurovision Song Contest → 1999

Twenty-five countries participated in the contest. Six participating countries in the 1997 edition were absent, with Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Denmark, Iceland and Russia relegated due to achieving the lowest average points totals over the previous five contests and Italy actively choosing not to participate. These countries were replaced by Macedonia in its first contest appearance, and previously relegated and absent countries Belgium, Finland, Israel, Romania and Slovakia.

The winner was Israel with the song "Diva", composed by Svika Pick, written by Yoav Ginai and performed by Dana International. The United Kingdom, Malta, the Netherlands and Croatia rounded out the top five. Dana International was the contest's first openly transgender participant and became the contest's first openly LGBTQ+ winning artist; however, her participation for Israel was controversial among sections of Israeli society and resulted in opposition and death threats against her in the run-up to the contest.

It was the first contest in which the results were determined predominantly through televoting, and would become the last contest in which all participants were required to perform in the language of their country and the last to feature an orchestra and live music accompaniment for the competing entries.

Location

National Indoor Arena, Birmingham – host venue of the 1998 contest

Manchester

Newcastle

Liverpool

Sheffield

Birmingham

Harrogate

Bournemouth

Brighton

Aberdeen

Glasgow

Edinburgh

Inverness

Cardiff

Belfast

London

Location of the selected host city (in blue), shortlisted cities (in green) and other cities that expressed interest (in red)

The 1998 contest took place in Birmingham, the United Kingdom, following the country's victory at the 1997 edition with the song "Love Shine a Light", performed by Katrina and the Waves. It was the eighth time that the United Kingdom had hosted the contest – setting a new contest record – with the nation having previously hosted the contest in London in 1960, 1963, 1968 and 1977, in Edinburgh in 1972, in Brighton in 1974 and in Harrogate in 1982.^[1] The selected venue was the National Indoor Arena, a sporting venue and indoor arena opened in 1991 which prior to the contest had previously hosted the 1993 IBF Badminton World Championships and 1995 World Netball Championships, as well as being the principal venue for the recording of UK television programme Gladiators.^[2][3][4][5]

Many cities across the United Kingdom expressed interest in hosting the contest, the first to be held in the country in sixteen years, with venues in Aberdeen, Belfast, Bournemouth, Brighton, Birmingham, Cardiff, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Harrogate, Inverness, Liverpool, London, Manchester, Newcastle and Sheffield being considered.^[6] Following visits by the production team to each city, Belfast, Birmingham, Cardiff, Glasgow, London and Manchester were shortlisted as potential host cities, and Birmingham's National Indoor Arena was subsequently announced as the host venue on 8 August 1997.^[6][7]

Participating countries

Further information: List of countries in the Eurovision Song Contest

Eurovision Song Contest 1998 – Participation summaries by country
Belgium Croatia Cyprus Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Israel Macedonia Malta Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom

Per the rules of the contest twenty-five countries were allowed to participate in the event.^[8] Macedonia participated in the contest for the first time, having previously applied to enter the 1996 contest but failing to progress from that edition's qualifying round; due to the then-ongoing Macedonia naming dispute with Greece, the nation participated under the provisional reference "the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia" or its shortened form "FYR Macedonia".^[9][10] Belgium, Finland, Israel, Romania and Slovakia made a return to the contest, replacing Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Denmark, Iceland and Russia, which were relegated following the previous year's contest, and Italy which decided against entering the event. Italy would not return to the contest again until 2011.^[9]

Among the performers at this year's contest were five representatives who had previously competed as lead artists in past editions. Two artists returned as lead artists in the 1998 contest: Danijela had previously represented Croatia in 1995 as a member of the group Magazin;^[11][12] and José Cid, a member of Alma Lusa, had represented Portugal in 1980.^[13] Additionally, three artists who had previously competed as lead artists at Eurovision returned as backing performers for their respective countries at this year's event: José María Guzmán, who had represented Spain in the 1986 event as a member of the group Cadillac, was a backing singer for Mikel Herzog;^[14] Egon Egemann, who had previously represented Switzerland in the 1990 contest, performed on stage as violinist for Gunvor;^[15] and Paul Harrington, winner of the 1994 contest for Ireland with Charlie McGettigan, providing backing vocals for Dawn Martin.^[16]

Participants of the Eurovision Song Contest 1998^[17][11]

Country	Broadcaster	Artist	Song	Language	Songwriter(s)	Conductor
Belgium	RTBF	Mélanie Cohl	"Dis oui"	French	Philippe Swan	No conductor
Croatia	HRT	Danijela	"Neka mi ne svane"	Croatian	Petar Grašo	Stipica Kalogjera
Cyprus	CyBC	Michael Hajiyanni	"Genesis" (Γένεσις)	Greek	Michael Hajiyanni Zenon Zindilis	Costas Cacogiannis
Estonia	ETV	Koit Toome	"Mere lapsed"	Estonian	Peeter Pruuli Maria Rahula Tomi Rahula	Heiki Vahar
Finland	YLE	Edea	"Aava"	Finnish	Alexi Ahoniemi Tommy Mansikka-Aho	Olli Ahvenlahti
France	France Télévision	Marie Line	"Où aller"	French	Moïse Crespy Jean-Philippe Dary Marie-Line Marolany Micaël Sene	Martin Koch
Germany	NDR[a]	Guildo Horn	"Guildo hat euch lieb"	German	Stefan Raab	Stefan Raab[b]
Greece	ERT	Thalassa	"Mia krifi evaisthisia" (Μια κρυφή ευαισθησία)	Greek	Yiannis Malachias Yiannis Valvis	No conductor
Hungary	MTV	Charlie	"A holnap már nem lesz szomorú"	Hungarian	Attila Horváth István Lerch	Miklós Malek
Ireland	RTÉ	Dawn Martin	"Is Always Over Now"	English	Gerry Morgan	Noel Kelehan
Israel	IBA	Dana International	"Diva" (דיווה)	Hebrew	Yoav Ginai Svika Pick	No conductor
Macedonia	MRT	Vlado Janevski	"Ne zori, zoro" (Не зори, зоро)	Macedonian	Vlado Janevski Grigor Koprov	Aleksandar Džambazov
Malta	PBS	Chiara	"The One That I Love"	English	Sunny Aquilina Jason Paul Cassar	No conductor
Netherlands	NOS	Edsilia	"Hemel en aarde"	Dutch	Jochem Fluitsma Eric van Tijn	Dick Bakker
Norway	NRK	Lars A. Fredriksen	"Alltid sommer"	Norwegian	David Eriksen Linda Andernach Johannesen Per Kristian Ottestad	Geir Langslet
Poland	TVP	Sixteen	"To takie proste"	Polish	Olga Pruszkowska Jarosław Pruszkowski	Wiesław Pieregorólka
Portugal	RTP	Alma Lusa	"Se eu te pudesse abraçar"	Portuguese	José Cid	Mike Sergeant
Romania	TVR	Mălina Olinescu	"Eu cred"	Romanian	Adrian Romcescu Liliana Ștefan	Adrian Romcescu
Slovakia	STV	Katarína Hasprová	"Modlitba"	Slovak	Gabriel Dušík Anna Wepperyová	Vladimír Valovič
Slovenia	RTVSLO	Vili Resnik	"Naj bogovi slišijo"	Slovene	Matjaž Vlašič Urša Vlašič	Mojmir Sepe[b]
Spain	TVE	Mikel Herzog	"¿Qué voy a hacer sin ti?"	Spanish	Alberto Estébanez Mikel Herzog	Alberto Estébanez
Sweden	SVT	Jill Johnson	"Kärleken är"	Swedish	Håkan Almqvist Ingela "Pling" Forsman Bobby Ljunggren	Anders Berglund
Switzerland	SRG SSR	Gunvor	"Lass ihn"	German	Egon Egemann Gunvor Guggisberg	No conductor
Turkey	TRT	Tüzmen	"Unutamazsın"	Turkish	Canan Tunç Erdinç Tunç	Ümit Eroğlu
United Kingdom	BBC	Imaani	"Where Are You?"	English	Scott English Phil Manikiza Simon Stirling	James McMillan

Qualification

Due to the high number of countries wishing to enter the contest a relegation system was introduced in 1993 in order to reduce the number of countries which could compete in each year's contest. Any relegated countries would be able to return the following year, thus allowing all countries the opportunity to compete in at least one in every two editions.^[21] The relegation rules introduced for the 1997 contest were again utilised ahead of the 1998 contest, based on each country's average points total in previous contests.^[6][8] The twenty-five participants were made up of the previous year's winning country and host nation, the eighteen countries which had the highest average points total over the preceding four contests, and any eligible countries which did not compete in the 1997 contest.^[6][8] In cases where the average was identical between two or more countries the total number of points scored in the most recent contest determined the final order.^[8]

Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Denmark, Germany, Iceland and Russia were therefore excluded from participating in the 1998 contest; however, after Italy declined to participate Germany was subsequently provided a reprieve and allowed to enter.^[9][22] The calculations used to determine the countries relegated for the 1998 contest are outlined in the table below.

Table key

  Qualifier

‡ Automatic qualifier

† New/returning countries which did not compete in 1997

Calculation of average points to determine qualification for the 1998 contest^[c]

Rank	Country	Average	Yearly Point Totals[23][24][25][26][27]
			1993	1994	1995	1996	1997
1	Ireland	155.20	187	226	44	162	157
2	United Kingdom ‡	121.40	164	63	76	77	227
3	Norway	91.60	120	76	148	114	0
4	France	80.40	121	74	94	18	95
5	Italy[d]	79.50	45				114
6	Malta	75.20	69	97	76	68	66
7	Sweden	74.60	89	48	100	100	36
8	Poland	66.50		166	15	31	54
9	Cyprus	63.40	17	51	79	72	98
10	Spain	61.40	58	17	119	17	96
11	Estonia	59.33	DNQ	2	R	94	82
12	Hungary	54.67	DNQ	122	3	DNQ	39
13	Croatia	54.20	31	27	91	98	24
14	Turkey	52.25	10	R	21	57	121
15	Greece	50.20	64	44	68	36	39
16	Switzerland	47.50	148	15	R	22	5
17	Portugal	46.00	60	73	5	92	0
18	Netherlands	44.75	92	4	R	78	5
19	Israel †	42.50	4	R	81	DNQ
20[e]	Slovenia	42.25	9	R	84	16	60
21[e]	Germany[d]	42.25	18	128	1	DNQ	22
22	Denmark	42.00	9	R	92	DNQ	25
23	Russia	40.00		70	17	DNQ	33
24	Austria	39.60	32	19	67	68	12
25	Iceland	38.20	42	49	31	51	18
26	Bosnia and Herzegovina	23.00	27	39	14	13	22
27	Slovakia †	17.00	DNQ	15	R	19	R
28	Romania †	14.00	DNQ	14	R	DNQ	R
29	Finland †	13.33	20	11	R	9	R
30	Belgium †	11.00	3	R	8	22	R
–	Macedonia †	–[f]				DNQ	R

Production

The Eurovision Song Contest 1998 was produced by the British public broadcaster British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). Kevin Bishop served as executive producer, Guy Freeman served as producer, Geoff Posner served as director, Andrew Howe-Davies served as designer, and Martin Koch served as musical director, leading the 60-piece BBC Concert Orchestra and arranging and orchestrating the music for the opening and closing sequences and the interval act.^[28][29] On behalf of the contest organisers, the European Broadcasting Union (EBU), the event was overseen by Christine Marchal-Ortiz as executive supervisor.^[30][31][32]

Construction within the National Indoor Arena began on 19 April 1998 to build out the stage and orchestral area for the contest, as well as creating space for the green room, the dressing rooms, the press centre and accreditation area, and small rooms for use by each country's individual commentators.^[6] Although the arena could hold up to 13,000 people, the assembled audience during the contest was limited to around 4,500, with tickets for the dress rehearsal and live show awarded by ballot.^[6][33] The contest organisers also engaged with fan groups, and tickets in the front rows of the arena were distributed among these groups for the first time.^[34][35]

The green room was situated behind the stage, and was designed to resemble a nightclub. The arena featured three large video screens to enable the audience to follow the voting, and video walls were also constructed for use on stage, in the press centre and the green room. A 400-seat auditorium for press conferences and 38 booths for journalists equipped with phone lines were installed within the press centre, and 40 commentary boxes were constructed in the arena to accommodate the teams from the various broadcasters, with 28 built for television and 12 for radio.^[6][28][29] Much of the press centre facilities constructed for the contest were subsequently retained and augmented for use during the 24th G8 summit held in Birmingham the following week.^[29][36]

Orchestral rehearsals and rehearsals of the main elements of the interval act took place on 2 and 3 May, with rehearsals for the competing countries beginning on 4 May. The first rehearsals for each country, lasting 40 minutes in total followed by a 20 minute press conference, took place on 4 and 5 May, with second rehearsals for each country taking place on 6 and 7 May and lasting 30 minutes.^[6] Three dress rehearsals were held on 8 and 9 May, with an audience in attendance during the evening dress rehearsal on 8 May, which was also recorded for use in case of problems during the live contest that resulted in the broadcast being suspended.^[6] Stand-in studios were also prepared in Studio 4 of BBC Television Centre, London and in the Pebble Mill Studios in Birmingham in case of an emergency at the National Indoor Arena that resulted in evacuation.^[6]

Presenters

Terry Wogan (pictured in 2015), co-presenter of the 1998 contest

The Swedish-British television presenter and model Ulrika Jonsson and the Irish television and radio presenter Terry Wogan were the presenters of the 1998 contest. Wogan had previously provided television and radio commentary on the BBC since 1971, and performed this role once again for the contest's broadcast on BBC One from a separate commentary booth erected behind the stage in addition to his role as the contest presenter.^[6][37]

The draw to the determine the running order, held on 13 November 1997 in the National Indoor Arena, was compered by Wogan and Katrina Leskanich, lead vocalist of the 1997 contest winners Katrina and the Waves.^[6][38]

Conductors

For those countries which opted to utilise the orchestra during their performance a separate musical director could be nominated to lead the orchestra during their performance, with the host musical director, Martin Koch, also conducting for those countries which did not nominate their own conductor.^[8][39]

The entries from Belgium, Greece, Germany, Israel, Malta, Slovenia and Switzerland were performed entirely without orchestration; however, in the case of Germany and Slovenia, conductors for those countries were present during the contest.^[11] Stefan Raab, the writer of the German entry under the pseudonym "Alf Igel", had no intention of conducting the orchestra but insisted on taking the customary conductor's bow before the entry, while the Slovenian entry had been due to be performed with the orchestra before a change of mind by the songwriters during the rehearsals led to the full backing track being used and their conductor Mojmir Sepe instead signalling to start the track.^[19][20] The French entry had been planned to be performed completely with the backing track, but during rehearsals a decision was reached to incorporate additional live string accompaniment from the orchestra directed by Martin Koch.^[40]

During rehearsals conflict occurred between the contest organisers and the Greek delegation, with the Greeks unhappy with the way that their entry was being presented on screen. Aggressive behaviour by the Greek composer, Yiannis Valvis, during the dress rehearsals led to his accreditation being rescinded, and on the day of the contest the Greek broadcaster Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation (ERT) withdrew from the contest, a decision which was ultimately reversed minutes later.^[11][22][41] Issues also arose during the rehearsals for the Turkish entry, when their conductor Ümit Eroğlu was found to be leading the orchestra at too slow a tempo, resulting in the performance running over the three minute limit and thus breaking the rules of the contest. Ultimately the final performance lasted two minutes and fifty-nine seconds, ensuring that Turkey could not be disqualified for exceeding the time limit during the final and would remain in the competition.^[41][42]

Trophy

The trophy awarded to the writers of the winning song was designed by Anongkarat Unyawong, a student at the Birmingham School of Jewellery, who had won a competition conducted at the school for the occasion.^[43][44] The winning performers received a glass bowl designed by Susan Nickson bearing the Eurovision Song Contest 1998 logo.^[45] The winners were heralded by the trumpeters of the Life Guards as they entered the stage, and the awards were presented by Katrina Leskanich.^[46][44]

Format

The rules of the Eurovision Song Contest 1998 were published in November 1997. The document set out the overall aim of the contest and provided detail on the organisation of the event, the qualification process, the criteria for the competing songs and performers, the voting system to be used to determine the results of the contest, as well as the rights and responsibilities conferred by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) onto the participating broadcasters.^[8]

Entries

Each participating broadcaster submitted one song to the contest, which was required to be no longer than three minutes in duration and performed in the language, or one of the languages, of the participating country. Short quotations from another language, no more than a single phrase repeated a maximum of three times, were permitted.^[8] Each entry was able to utilise all or part of the live orchestra and could use instrumental-only backing tracks.^[8] This was the second edition of the contest in which the entire song could be performed with a backing track, following the 1997 contest; previously any backing tracks which were used could only include the sound of instruments which featured on stage being mimed by the performers.^[47] A maximum of six performers were allowed on stage during each country's performance, and all performers must have reached the age of 16 in the year of the contest.^[8]

Selected entries were not permitted to be released commercially before 1 January 1998; entries were only permitted to be released after being selected for the contest, and were then only allowed to be released in the country they represented until after the contest was held.^[8] Entries were required to be selected by each country's participating broadcaster by 15 March, and the final submission date for all selected entries to be received by the contest organisers was set for 23 March. This submission was required to include the score of the song for use by the orchestra, a sound recording of the entry and backing track for use during the contest, and the text of the song lyrics in its original language and translations in French and English for distribution to the participating broadcasters, their commentators and juries.^[8]

For the first time a watermark was included on screen during each entry with the name of the country being performed, an innovation which has become a standard feature in each contest.^[9] This edition of the contest would conversely be the last in which countries would be obliged to perform in their own language and the last to feature an orchestra accompanying the competing entries; from the following year's contest participating countries were able to send entries in any language and the organising broadcaster was no longer obliged to provide an orchestra.^[48][49] In subsequent years the rules would be modified again to remove the option for entries to be accompanied by live music entirely.^[50]

Voting procedure

Further information: Voting at the Eurovision Song Contest

The results of the 1998 contest were determined through the same scoring system as had first been introduced in 1975: each country awarded twelve points to its favourite entry, followed by ten points to its second favourite, and then awarded points in decreasing value from eight to one for the remaining songs which featured in the country's top ten, with countries unable to vote for their own entry.^[8][51] For the first time each participating country was required to use televoting to determine their points, with countries with weak telephone networks that prevented them from holding a large-scale televote being granted an exception.^[8][9][44] This followed a trial held in the 1997 contest where televoting was used to determine the points from five of the twenty-five competing countries.^[51] Viewers had a total of five minutes to register their vote by calling one of twenty-four different telephone numbers to represent the twenty-five competing entries except that which represented their own country, with voting lines opening following the performance of the last competing entry.^[45][8] Once phone lines were opened a video recap containing short clips of each competing entry with the accompanying phone number for voting was shown in order to aid viewers during the voting window.^[45] Systems were also put in place to prevent lobby groups from one country voting for their song by travelling to other countries.^[8]

The points from countries which were unable to use televoting were determined by an assembled jury of sixteen individuals, which was required to be split evenly between members of the public and music professionals, comprised additionally of an equal number of men and women, and below and above 30 years of age. In addition countries using televoting were required to appoint a back-up jury of eight members which would be called into action upon technical failure preventing the televote results from being used, with the same equal split of gender, age and occupation.^[44][8] Each jury member voted in secret and awarded between one and ten votes to each participating song, excluding that from their own country and with no abstentions permitted. The votes of each member were collected following the country's performance and then tallied by the non-voting jury chairperson to determine the points to be awarded. In any cases where two or more songs in the top ten received the same number of votes, a show of hands by all jury members was used to determine the final placing; if a tie still remained, the youngest jury member would have the deciding vote.^[8]

Postcards

Each entry was preceded by a video postcard which served as an introduction to the competing artists from each country, as well as providing an opportunity to showcase the running artistic theme of the event and creating a transition between entries to allow stage crew to make changes on stage.^[52][53] The postcards for the 1998 contest continued the theme of the opening segment, with each clip focussing on a particular theme – either an object, place or concept – and creating a juxtaposition between its older and newer versions. Each postcard was accompanied by extracts of Britpop or classical music, with a pattern featured in the final moments of the footage forming into the flag of the country which was about to perform.^[11][45] The various themes for each postcard, and the musical accompaniment which featured, are listed below by order of performance:^[11][45]

1.  Croatia – Football; "Sight for Sore Eyes" (M People)
2.  Greece – Beaches; "Alright" (Supergrass)
3.  France – Aircraft; "Ordinary World" (Duran Duran)
4.  Spain – Leisure; The Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra (performed by the Birmingham Symphony Orchestra)
5.   Switzerland – Loch Ness; "Enchanted Highland" (APM Celtic Players)
6.  Slovakia – Jewellery; "Ain't Talkin' 'bout Dub" (Apollo 440)
7.  Poland – Glasgow, Scotland; "Slight Return" (The Bluetones)
8.  Israel – Art; "Common People" (Pulp)
9.  Germany – Ironworks; "Always on My Mind" (Pet Shop Boys)
10.  Malta – Fashion; "Mulder and Scully" (Catatonia)
11.  Hungary – Wales; "A Design for Life" (Manic Street Preachers)
12.  Slovenia – Pubs; "Ocean Drive" (Lighthouse Family)
13.  Ireland – London, England; "Bitter Sweet Symphony" (The Verve)
14.  Portugal – Education; "Beautiful Ones" (Suede)
15.  Romania – Sailing; "Sailing" (Rod Stewart)
16.  United Kingdom – Cars; "Hush" (Kula Shaker)
17.  Cyprus – Food; "Born Slippy" (Underworld)
18.  Netherlands – Broadcasting; "Polo Mint City" (Texas)
19.  Sweden – Retail; "Don't Marry Her" (The Beautiful South)
20.  Belgium – Theatres; "She's a Star" (James)
21.  Finland – Films; "The Chad Who Loved Me" (Mansun)
22.  Norway – Medieval; "Hail to the King" (performed by the Kneller Hall State Trumpeters)
23.  Estonia – Belfast, Northern Ireland; "Bright Side of the Road" (Van Morrison)
24.  Turkey – National landmarks; Symphony No. 5, III: Romanza (Ralph Vaughan Williams)
25.  Macedonia – Weather; "Sugar Coated Iceberg" (The Lightning Seeds)

Contest overview

Violinist Vanessa-Mae performed as part of the interval act.

The contest took place on 9 May 1998 at 20:00 (BST) and lasted 3 hours.^[8][11] The table below outlines the participating countries, the order in which they performed, the competing artists and songs, and the results of the voting.

The contest began with a video entitled "Birmingham, Old and New", which presented overlapping images of Birmingham in 1998 with archive footage of the city, including shots of Brindleyplace and boats on the city's canal network, to music from the BBC Concert Orchestra.^[6][45] A fanfare from the trumpeters of the Life Guards greeted the contest's presenters as they entered the stage.^[45] Also featured during the opening section of the broadcast was a summary video of the 1960 contest, the first to be held in the United Kingdom, with that year's presenter Katie Boyle – the only individual to host four contests – in attendance as a special guest.^[45][54] Special appearances were also featured from Katrina Leskanich and Carrie Crowley, the co-presenter of the 1997 contest, who appeared via video link from Dublin.^[45]

The interval performance was entitled "Jupiter, The Bringer of Jollity", based on music from the movement of the same name from the orchestral suite The Planets by English composer Gustav Holst.^[46] A medley of vocal and instrumental pieces inspired by English, Scottish, Welsh, Irish, Indian and Zulu cultures, the segment included over 200 performers and featured music from the BBC Concert Orchestra and performances by soprano Lesley Garrett, violinist Vanessa-Mae, the Sutherland Pipe Band, Andrew Findon on tin whistle, Carys Hughes on harp, the bhangra dance group Nachda Sansaar, the Canoldir Male Voice Choir, the Grimethorpe Colliery Band, trumpeters from the Band of the Blues and Royals and an excerpt of Patti Boulaye's Sun Dance.^[45][55][56]

The winner was Israel represented by the song "Diva", composed by Svika Pick, written by Yoav Ginai [he] and performed by Dana International.^[57] This marked Israel's third contest win, following the country's back-to-back victories in 1978 and 1979.^[58] Dana International, the contest's first openly transgender participant, also became the first openly LGBTQ+ and first openly transgender artist to win the event.^[59][60] The United Kingdom earned a record-extending fifteenth second place finish, Malta's third place finish equalled its previous best contest performance, and the Netherlands obtained its best placing since its most recent victory in 1975 by finishing in fourth place.^[9][44]

Following her victory Dana International also caused a delay in the production when, following the conclusion of the voting, she changed outfits into one specially designed for the contest by Jean Paul Gaultier but which was ultimately not used for the original performance.^[61] This led to scenes towards the end of the broadcast of hosts Terry Wogan and Ulrika Jonsson, and last year's winning vocalist Katrina Leskanich, looking perturbed and confused as to the delay and location of Dana International.^[22][62]

Following the contest it was announced the results of the Spanish vote had been incorrectly tabulated, resulting in Germany, which should have been awarded twelve points, receiving no points at all; this subsequently had an impact on the remaining countries which were awarded points by Spain.^[44][9][63] The tables in this article present the corrected results as published by the EBU.

Results of the Eurovision Song Contest 1998^[11][64][g]

R/O	Country	Artist	Song	Points	Place
1	Croatia	Danijela	"Neka mi ne svane"	131	5
2	Greece	Thalassa	"Mia krifi evaisthisia"	12	20
3	France	Marie Line	"Où aller"	3	24
4	Spain	Mikel Herzog	"¿Qué voy a hacer sin ti?"	21	16
5	Switzerland	Gunvor	"Lass ihn"	0	25
6	Slovakia	Katarína Hasprová	"Modlitba"	8	21
7	Poland	Sixteen	"To takie proste"	19	17
8	Israel	Dana International	"Diva"	172	1
9	Germany	Guildo Horn	"Guildo hat euch lieb"	86	7
10	Malta	Chiara	"The One That I Love"	165	3
11	Hungary	Charlie	"A holnap már nem lesz szomorú"	4	23
12	Slovenia	Vili Resnik	"Naj bogovi slišijo"	17	18
13	Ireland	Dawn Martin	"Is Always Over Now"	64	9
14	Portugal	Alma Lusa	"Se eu te pudesse abraçar"	36	12
15	Romania	Mălina Olinescu	"Eu cred"	6	22
16	United Kingdom	Imaani	"Where Are You?"	166	2
17	Cyprus	Michael Hajiyanni	"Genesis"	37	11
18	Netherlands	Edsilia	"Hemel en aarde"	150	4
19	Sweden	Jill Johnson	"Kärleken är"	53	10
20	Belgium	Mélanie Cohl	"Dis oui"	122	6
21	Finland	Edea	"Aava"	22	15
22	Norway	Lars A. Fredriksen	"Alltid sommer"	79	8
23	Estonia	Koit Toome	"Mere lapsed"	36	12
24	Turkey	Tüzmen	"Unutamazsın"	25	14
25	Macedonia	Vlado Janevski	"Ne zori, zoro"	16	19

Spokespersons

Each country nominated a spokesperson who was responsible for announcing, in English or French, the votes for their respective country.^[8][65] As had been the case since the 1994 contest, the spokespersons were connected via satellite and appeared in vision during the broadcast.^[66] Spokespersons at the 1998 contest are listed below.^[45]

During the voting procedure Ulrika Jonsson had an unplanned comical moment with the Dutch spokesperson Conny Vandenbos; after Vandenbos had expressed her sympathy with the performers in the contest – having previously represented the Netherlands in 1965 – she added that "it's long ago". This comment was not heard by the audience in the arena due to noise, but Jonsson's reply, "a long time ago, was it?" was, leading to a reaction from the crowd due to the perceived rudeness of the remark out of context.^[62]

1.  Croatia – Davor Meštrović [hr]
2.  Greece – Alexis Kostalas [el]^[67]
3.  France – Marie Myriam^[68]
4.  Spain – Belén Fernández de Henestrosa
5.   Switzerland – Regula Elsener
6.  Slovakia – Alena Heribanová [sk]
7.  Poland – Jan Chojnacki
8.  Israel – Yigal Ravid
9.  Germany – Nena
10.  Malta – Stephanie Spiteri
11.  Hungary – Barna Héder [hu]
12.  Slovenia – Mojca Mavec [sl]
13.  Ireland – Eileen Dunne^[69]
14.  Portugal – Lúcia Moniz
15.  Romania – Anca Țurcașiu [ro]
16.  United Kingdom – Ken Bruce^[44]
17.  Cyprus – Marina Maleni
18.  Netherlands – Conny Vandenbos
19.  Sweden – Björn Hedman^[70]
20.  Belgium – Marie-Hélène Vanderborght
21.  Finland – Marjo Wilska
22.  Norway – Ragnhild Sælthun Fjørtoft
23.  Estonia – Urve Tiidus^[71]
24.  Turkey – Osman Erkan
25.  Macedonia – Evgenija Teodosievska

Detailed voting results

Televoting was used to determine the points awarded by all countries, except Hungary, Romania and Turkey.^[44] The announcement of the results from each country was conducted in the order in which they performed, with the spokespersons announcing their country's points in English or French in ascending order.^[45][8] The detailed breakdown of the points awarded by each country is listed in the tables below.

Detailed voting results of the Eurovision Song Contest 1998^{[44][72][73][g]}

Voting procedure used:   100% televoting   100% jury vote		Total score	Croatia	Greece	France	Spain	Switzerland	Slovakia	Poland	Israel	Germany	Malta	Hungary	Slovenia	Ireland	Portugal	Romania	United Kingdom	Cyprus	Netherlands	Sweden	Belgium	Finland	Norway	Estonia	Turkey	Macedonia
Contestants	Croatia	131		5	8	1	5	10	6	10	10	10		12	3	2		2	7	4	3	5	3	6	3	4	12
	Greece	12																	12
	France	3																	1								2
	Spain	21	1		4		6			3									4			3
	Switzerland	0
	Slovakia	8	8
	Poland	19			2						5		2				10
	Israel	172		10	12	10	10		10		7	12		7	6	12	7	5	10	6	5	10	10	3	7	5	8
	Germany	86		3		12	12							8	8	10	6	6		12		7	1		1
	Malta	165	7	6	6	5	8	12	8	7	8		7	3	12	5		12	5	8	6	8	5	12	5	10
	Hungary	4			1												1							2
	Slovenia	17	3	2													5						4			3
	Ireland	64	2				2	4	2		2	6	6	1		1	8	8			1			4	2	8	7
	Portugal	36		1	10	6		2		2		2							2			1				6	4
	Romania	6								6
	United Kingdom	166	12	7	3	3	3	1	7	12	1	8	10	5	5	6	12		8	7	7	6	8	5	8	12	10
	Cyprus	37	4	12				5		1		1	1			4	4	3				2
	Netherlands	150	10	8	5	4	7	6	5	8	6	7	12		10	7		10			8	12	7	8		7	3
	Sweden	53							3			4	8		2			1		5			6	10	12	2
	Belgium	122		4	7	7	4	7	12	5	4	3	3	6	7	8		7	6	10	2			7	6	1	6
	Finland	22																			10			1	10		1
	Norway	79				8	1		4	4	3	5	5	10	4	3		4	3	3	12	4	2		4
	Estonia	36				2		8	1				4	2	1					2	4		12
	Turkey	25	5								12						2			1							5
	Macedonia	16	6					3						4			3

12 points

The below table summarises how the maximum 12 points were awarded from one country to another. The winning country is shown in bold. Malta and the United Kingdom each received the maximum score of 12 points from four countries, with Germany and Israel receiving three sets of 12 points each, Croatia and the Netherlands receiving two sets each, and Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Greece, Norway, Sweden and Turkey each receiving one maximum score.^[72][73]

Distribution of 12 points awarded at the Eurovision Song Contest 1998^[72][73]

N.	Contestant	Nation(s) giving 12 points
4	Malta	Ireland,  Norway,  Slovakia,  United Kingdom
	United Kingdom	Croatia,  Israel,  Romania,  Turkey
3	Germany	Netherlands,  Spain,   Switzerland
	Israel	France,  Malta,  Portugal
2	Croatia	Macedonia,  Slovenia
	Netherlands	Belgium,  Hungary
1	Belgium	Poland
	Cyprus	Greece
	Estonia	Finland
	Greece	Cyprus
	Norway	Sweden
	Sweden	Estonia
	Turkey	Germany

Broadcasts

Each participating broadcaster was required to relay live and in full the contest via television. Non-participating EBU member broadcasters were also able to relay the contest as "passive participants"; any passive countries wishing to participate in the following year's event were also required to provide a live broadcast of the contest or a deferred broadcast within 24 hours.^[8] Broadcasters were able to send commentators to provide coverage of the contest in their own native language and to relay information about the artists and songs to their viewers.

The 1998 contest was transmitted to 33 European countries, as well as to Australia, Canada and South Korea.^[6][28] Known details on the broadcasts in each country, including the specific broadcasting stations and commentators, are shown in the tables below.

Broadcasters and commentators in participating countries

Country	Broadcaster[8]	Channel(s)	Commentator(s)	Ref.
Belgium	RTBF	RTBF La 1	Jean-Pierre Hautier	[68]
	VRT	TV1, Radio 2	André Vermeulen and Andrea Croonenberghs [nl]	[74][75]
Croatia	HRT	HRT 1	Aleksandar Kostadinov	[76][77]
Cyprus	CyBC	RIK 1		[78]
Estonia	ETV		Reet Linna [et]	[79][80]
	ER	Raadio 2	Marko Reikop	[80]
Finland	YLE	TV1	Maria Guzenina and Sami Aaltonen [fi]	[34][81]
		Radio Suomi	Sanna Kojo	[82]
		Radio Vega		[83]
France	France Télévision	France 2	Chris and Laura Mayne	[84]
Germany	ARD	Das Erste	Peter Urban	[68]
Hungary	MTV	MTV 1	Gábor Gundel Takács [hu]	[85][86]
	MR	Petőfi Rádió [hu]		[85]
Ireland	RTÉ	RTÉ One	Pat Kenny	[87][88]
		RTÉ Radio 1	Larry Gogan	[87][89]
Israel	IBA	Channel 1		[90]
Malta	PBS	TVM		[91]
Netherlands	NOS	TV2	Willem van Beusekom	[74]
		Radio 2
Norway	NRK	NRK1	Jostein Pedersen	[92]
		NRK P1	Stein Dag Jensen [no]	[92]
Poland	TVP	TVP1	Artur Orzech	[93][94]
Portugal	RTP	RTP1[h]	Rui Unas	[96][97]
Romania	TVR	TVR 1	Leonard Miron	[98][99]
Slovakia	STV	STV2		[100]
Slovenia	RTVSLO	SLO 1 [sl]		[101]
		Val 202	Andrej Karoli [sl]
Spain	TVE	La Primera	José Luis Uribarri	[102]
Sweden	SVT	SVT2	Pernilla Månsson and Christer Björkman	[103]
	SR	SR P4	Anna Hötzel and Claes-Johan Larsson	[104]
Switzerland	SRG SSR	SF 2		[105]
		TSR 1	Jean-Marc Richard	[95][106]
		TSI 1		[95]
	Radio 24 [de]			[107]
Turkey	TRT	TRT 1[i]	Bülend Özveren	[108]
United Kingdom	BBC	BBC One[j]	Terry Wogan	[109]
		BBC Radio 2	Ken Bruce	[110]

Broadcasters and commentators in non-participating countries

Country	Broadcaster	Channel(s)	Commentator(s)	Ref.
Australia	SBS	SBS TV[k]		[111]
Austria	ORF	ORF 1	Ernst Grissemann	[105]
		FM4	Stermann & Grissemann	[112]
Denmark	DR	DR1	Keld Heick	[113]
Falkland Islands	BFBS	BFBS Television		[114]
Faroe Islands	SvF			[115]
Greenland	KNR	KNR[l]		[116]
Iceland	RÚV	Sjónvarpið, Rás 2	Páll Óskar Hjálmtýsson	[117]
Latvia	LTV		Kārlis Streips [lv]	[118][119]
Lithuania	LRT	LTV		[120]
Yugoslavia	RTS	RTS 3K [sr][m]		[121]

Other awards

Barbara Dex Award

The Barbara Dex Award, created in 1997 by fansite House of Eurovision, was awarded to the performer deemed to have been the "worst dressed" among the participants.^[122] The winner in 1998 was Germany's representative Guildo Horn, as determined by the founders of the House of Eurovision site Edwin van Thillo and Rob Paardekam.^{[123][124][125]}

Reception and legacy

See also: LGBT visibility in the Eurovision Song Contest

Dana International brought Israel its third victory in the contest and became the contest's first openly LGBTQ+ winner.

The selection of Dana International as the Israeli representative for the contest by the Israel Broadcasting Authority (IBA) created uproar among members of the Orthodox Jewish community in Israel. Taking issue with the singer's transgender status, groups mounted street protests against her selection, and she also received death threats ahead of the contest.^{[126][127][128]} Her selection was also opposed by political figures, with deputy minister Shlomo Benizri demanding her removal, referring to the singer as "an abomination" and her selection as "sending a message of darkness".^[129][130] On arriving at the contest Dana International was accommodated in the Hyatt Regency Birmingham, the only hotel in Birmingham with bulletproof windows, and was accompanied in public by armed guards.^[22][131]

"Diva" was subsequently nominated in 2005 to compete in Congratulations: 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest, a special broadcast to determine the contest's most popular entry of its first 50 years as part of the contest's anniversary celebrations. One of 14 entries chosen to compete – the only song from the 1990s on the list – "Diva" ultimately finished in thirteenth place.^[132][133]

Notes and references

Notes

1. On behalf of the German public broadcasting consortium ARD^[18]
2. Although a conductor was present, the song featured no orchestral accompaniment and was performed entirely to backing track.^[19][20]
3. Determined by totalling all points awarded in the past five contests and dividing by the number of times that country had participated^[8]
4. As Italy decided not to participate the eliminated country with the next highest average points total, Germany, was awarded their place.
5. Despite having the same average score Slovenia ranked higher than Germany by virtue of receiving more points in the most recent contest.^[8]
6. Debut appearance
7. The below table reflects the official results as published by the EBU following the contest. Due to a calculation error the Spanish points were incorrectly awarded, and Germany, which should have been awarded 12 points as the highest voted song by the Spanish public, received zero points during the original broadcast. As a result of the correction, the points total of the remaining countries in the Spanish top ten were modified, with Israel and Norway being reduced by two points and Belgium, Portugal, Malta, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Estonia, Croatia and Turkey being reduced by one point.^[45][9]
8. Additional live broadcast on RTP Internacional^[95]
9. Additional live broadcast on TRT Int^[108]
10. Additional live broadcast on BBC Prime^[95]
11. Deferred broadcast on 10 May at 19:00 (ACST)^[111]
12. Deferred broadcast at 22:35 (WGST)^[116]
13. Deferred broadcast in a shortened format on 13 June 1998 at 16:30 (CEST)^[121]

References

1. "United Kingdom – Participation history". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 19 June 2022. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
2. "Arena Birmingham". Birmingham City Council. Archived from the original on 11 June 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
3. Hinder, Geoff. "Yonex All-England Badminton Championships – Venues. | National Badminton Museum". National Badminton Museum. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
4. "Birmingham 1995". World Netball. Archived from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
5. Laws, Roz (13 August 2015). "Remember ITV's Gladiators? See stars reunite in Birmingham after 15 years". Birmingham Mail. Archived from the original on 14 August 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
6. Roxburgh 2020, pp. 324–330.
7. "Birmingham to stage Eurovision". The Irish Times. 9 August 1997. Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
8. "Rules of the 43rd Eurovision Song Contest, 1998" (PDF). European Broadcasting Union. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 January 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
9. "Birmingham 1998 – Eurovision Song Contest". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
10. "North Macedonia – Participation history". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
11. Roxburgh 2020, pp. 330–341.
12. Niazi, Dan (9 August 2018). "Where Are You Now?... Eurovision 1998". ESCXtra. Archived from the original on 25 June 2022. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
13. "Festival da Canção 2022 – José Cid" (in Portuguese). Rádio e Televisão de Portugal. Archived from the original on 25 June 2022. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
14. "Cadillac". eurovision-spain.com (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 1 April 2023. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
15. "ESC 1998 – Birmingham". songfestival.be (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 28 November 2021. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
16. "Photographic Archive – Eurovision Song Contest 1998". RTÉ Libraries and Archives. 9 May 1998. Archived from the original on 25 June 2022. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
17. "Participants of Birmingham 1998". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
18. "Alle deutschen ESC-Acts und ihre Titel" [All German ESC acts and their songs]. eurovision.de (in German). ARD. Archived from the original on 12 June 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
19. "Stefan Raab". And the conductor is... Archived from the original on 24 June 2022. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
20. "Mojmir Sepe". And the conductor is... Archived from the original on 24 June 2022. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
21. Jordan, Paul (18 September 2016). "Milestone Moments: 1993/4 – The Eurovision Family expands". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
22. O'Connor 2010, pp. 152–155.
23. "Final of Millstreet 1993 – Eurovision Song Contest". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
24. "Final of Dublin 1994 – Eurovision Song Contest". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 16 April 2022. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
25. "Final of Dublin 1995 – Eurovision Song Contest". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 17 April 2022. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
26. "Final of Oslo 1996 – Eurovision Song Contest". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 22 October 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
27. "Final of Dublin 1997 – Eurovision Song Contest". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 29 May 2022. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
28. "Eurovision Song Contest 1998 – Technical Background". British Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 2 May 1999. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
29. Roxburgh 2020, pp. 345–346.
30. "The Organisers behind the Eurovision Song Contest". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 25 September 2024. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
31. Jordan, Paul; Smulders, Stijn (10 October 2017). "Christine Marchal-Ortiz: 'I feel so nostalgic about Eurovision'". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
32. O'Connor 2010, p. 210.
33. "Eurovision Song Contest 1998 – Information". British Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 3 December 1998. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
34. Pajala 2007.
35. "How Eurovision became a gay-friendly contest". France 24. 22 May 2015. Archived from the original on 14 June 2022. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
36. Wright, Lisa (11 May 2018). "Dana, Imaani and Ulrika: When Eurovision last came to Britain". BBC News. Archived from the original on 11 May 2018. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
37. "Graham Norton reveals his Eurovision tradition in honour of Terry Wogan". Virgin Radio UK. 10 May 2022. Archived from the original on 10 May 2022. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
38. Jones, David (13 November 1997). Eurovision Song Contest winner Katrina and compere Terry Wogan[...]. Birmingham, United Kingdom: Alamy. Archived from the original on 28 September 2022. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
39. O'Connor 2010, p. 217.
40. "Martin Koch". And the conductor is... Archived from the original on 24 June 2022. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
41. Naked Eurovision. Birmingham, United Kingdom: British Broadcasting Corporation. 31 December 1998. Archived from the original on 25 June 2022. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
42. Fair, Thomas (17 June 2022). "Eurovision could be heading back to the UK – here's what happened last time". Birmingham Mail. Archived from the original on 17 June 2022. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
43. Bentley, David (8 May 2014). "The day Eurovision came to Birmingham in 1998". Birmingham Mail. Archived from the original on 25 November 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
44. Roxburgh 2020, pp. 341–345.
45. Eurovision Song Contest 1998 (Television programme). Birmingham, United Kingdom: British Broadcasting Corporation. 9 May 1998.
46. O'Connor 2010, p. 216.
47. Roxburgh 2020, pp. 296–297.
48. "Jerusalem 1999 – Eurovision Song Contest". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved 9 November 2022.
49. "Rules of the 44th Eurovision Song Contest, 1999" (PDF). European Broadcasting Union. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
50. "The Rules of the Contest". European Broadcasting Union. 31 October 2018. Archived from the original on 4 October 2022. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
51. "In a Nutshell – Eurovision Song Contest". European Broadcasting Union. 31 March 2017. Archived from the original on 26 June 2022. Retrieved 29 June 2022.
52. Egan, John (22 May 2015). "All Kinds of Everything: a history of Eurovision Postcards". ESC Insight. Archived from the original on 24 May 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
53. Kurris, Denis (1 May 2022). "Eurovision 2022: The theme of this year's Eurovision postcards". ESC Plus. Archived from the original on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
54. Zwart, Josianne (21 March 2018). "Katie Boyle, iconic Eurovision Song Contest host, dies at 91". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 22 March 2018. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
55. Roxburgh 2020, p. 341.
56. "Vanessa may be just right for a classic Eurovision". Birmingham Post. 9 May 1998. p. 49. Archived from the original on 24 June 2022. Retrieved 24 June 2022 – via The Free Library.
57. "Dana International – Israel – Birmingham 1998". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 17 June 2022. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
58. "Israel – Participation history". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 5 June 2022. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
59. Barlow, Eve (10 May 2018). "Viva la diva! How Eurovision's Dana International made trans identity mainstream". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 10 May 2018. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
60. Adams, Oliver (1 June 2022). "Pride Month: How Eurovision queered the continent". Wiwibloggs. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
61. Spiro, Amy (29 April 2019). "Jean Paul Gaultier to dress Madonna, Dana International for Eurovision". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 29 April 2019. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
62. Jordan, Paul (25 August 2017). "When Eurovision gets awkward..." European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 25 August 2017. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
63. Ambrose, Tom (17 June 2022). "'It's coming home': a trip back to 1998, and Britain's last Eurovision". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 24 June 2022. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
64. "Final of Birmingham 1998 – Eurovision Song Contest". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
65. "How it works – Eurovision Song Contest". European Broadcasting Union. 18 May 2019. Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 4 June 2022.
66. "Dublin 1994 – Eurovision Song Contest". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 30 May 2022. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
67. "Αλέξης Κωστάλας: Δείτε πού τον εντοπίσαμε μετά από καιρό!" [Alexis Kostalas: Look where we found him after a while!]. gossip-tv.gr (in Greek). 19 February 2010. Archived from the original on 30 August 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
68. "Samstag 9. Mai | Samedi 9 mai" [Saturday 9 May]. Télé-Revue (in German, French, and Luxembourgish). 6 May 1998. p. 8–13. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
69. O'Loughlin, Mikie (8 June 2021). "RTE Eileen Dunne's marriage to soap star Macdara O'Fatharta, their wedding day and grown up son Cormac". RSVP Live. Reach plc. Archived from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
70. Thorsson & Verhage 2006, pp. 266–267.
71. "Eesti žürii punktid edastab Eurovisioonil Tanel Padar" [The points of the Estonian jury will be announced by Tanel Padar at Eurovision] (in Estonian). Muusika Planeet. 14 May 2022. Archived from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
72. "Results of the Final of Birmingham 1998". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
73. "Eurovision Song Contest 1998 – Scoreboard". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 27 October 2021.
74. "Radio en televisie" [Radio and television]. Provinciale Zeeuwse Courant (in Dutch). 9 May 1998. p. 8. Archived from the original on 21 May 2023. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
75. "Teletekst ondertitelt inzendingen" [Teletext will subtitle the entries]. De Morgen (in Dutch). 9 May 1998. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
76. "Program HRT – Subota, 9. svibnja – HRT 1" [TV schedule – Saturday, 9 May – HRT 1]. Glas Podravine (in Croatian). Koprivnica, Croatia. 8 May 1998. p. 16. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
77. Lesinger, Darko (14 May 1998). "TV Box: U osvit dana" [TV Box: At dawn]. Slobodna Dalmacija (in Croatian). Split, Croatia. Archived from the original on 25 May 2023. Retrieved 25 May 2023.
78. "Τηλεοραση" [Television]. I Simerini (in Greek). Nicosia, Cyprus. 9 May 1998. p. 6. Retrieved 5 March 2024 – via Press and Information Office [el].
79. "Telekava" [TV schedule]. Eesti Päevaleht (in Estonian). Tallinn, Estonia. 9 May 1998. p. 13. Retrieved 9 November 2022 – via DIGAR [et].
80. "Televaataja saab esmakordselt anda hääle eurolaulule" [TV viewers can vote at Eurovision for the first time]. Õhtuleht (in Estonian). 7 April 1998. Archived from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 7 December 2022.
81. "TV1". Helsingin Sanomat (in Finnish). 9 May 1998. Archived from the original on 7 November 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
82. "Radio Suomi". Helsingin Sanomat (in Finnish). 9 May 1998. Archived from the original on 7 November 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
83. "Radio Vega". Helsingin Sanomat (in Finnish). 9 May 1998. Archived from the original on 7 November 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
84. "Télévision". L'Est éclair [fr] (in French). Saint-André-les-Vergers, France. 9 May 1998. p. 29. Retrieved 13 October 2024 – via Aube en Champagne.
85. "A Petőfi Népe Szombati Tévé- és Rádióműsor-ajánlata" [Petőfi People's Saturday TV and radio programme offer]. Petőfi Népe [hu] (in Hungarian). Bács-Kiskun County, Hungary. 9 May 1998. p. 13. Retrieved 16 November 2024 – via Hungaricana [hu].
86. "56 éves lett Gundel Takács Gábor" [Gábor Gundel Takács turns 56 years old] (in Hungarian). Ridikül. 27 August 2020. Archived from the original on 23 June 2022. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
87. "Saturday TV & Radio". The Irish Times Weekend. 9 May 1998. p. 8. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
88. Moloney, Eugene (12 May 1998). "Kenny unapologetic at 'it' jibe over Euro winner". Irish Independent. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
89. Sweeney, Ken (18 April 2012). "Larry Gogan loses his Eurovision ticket". Irish Independent. Archived from the original on 23 June 2022. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
90. "على الشاشة الصغيرة - برامج التلفزيون الاسرائيلي - السبت: ٩\٥\٩٨ - القناة الأولى" [On the small screen – Israeli television programmes – Saturday: 09/05/98 – Channel One]. Al-Ittihad (in Arabic). Haifa, Israel. 8 May 1998. p. 22. Retrieved 25 October 2023 – via National Library of Israel.
91. "Television". Times of Malta. 9 May 1998. p. 33.
92. "radio&TV guiden" [Radio & TV guide]. Tønsbergs Blad. Tønsberg, Norway. 9 May 1998. pp. 34–35. Retrieved 22 October 2024 – via National Library of Norway.
93. "Program TV – Sobota 9 maja" [TV schedule – Saturday 9 May]. Pogranicze (in Polish). 5 May 1998. p. 7. Retrieved 27 June 2024 – via Podkrapacka Digital Library [pl].
94. Erling, Barbara (12 May 2022). "Artur Orzech zapowiada, że skomentuje Eurowizję, ale tym razem na Instagramie" [Artur Orzech announces that he will comment on Eurovision, but this time on Instagram] (in Polish). Press. Archived from the original on 14 May 2022. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
95. "Programmes TV – Samedi 9 mai" [TV programmes – Saturday 9 May]. TV8 (in French). No. 19. Zofingen, Switzerland: Ringier. 7 May 1998. pp. 20–25. Archived from the original on 4 October 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2022 – via Scriptorium Digital Library.
96. "Programa da televisão" [Television programme]. A Comarca de Arganil (in Portuguese). Arganil, Portugal. 7 May 1998. p. 8. Archived from the original on 24 June 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
97. Costa, Nelson (12 April 2014). "Luciana Abreu, Rui Unas e Mastiksoul em 'Dança do Campeão'" [Luciana Abreu, Rui Unas and Mastiksoul in 'Dança do Campeão']. escportugal.pt. Archived from the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
98. "Programe – Sâmbătă, 9 mai" [Programmes – Saturday, 9 May] (PDF). Adevărul de Arad [ro] (in Romanian). Arad, Romania. 9 May 1998. p. 6. Retrieved 26 October 2024 – via Biblioteca Județeană "Alexandru D. Xenopol" Arad [ro].
99. "Leonard Miron iubeşte de 10 ani acelaşi bărbat" [Leonard Miron has loved the same man for 10 years]. Libertatea (in Romanian). 26 February 2013. Archived from the original on 15 April 2018. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
100. "TV–műsorok" [TV shows]. Új Szó (in Hungarian). Bratislava, Slovakia. 9 May 1998. p. 11. Retrieved 21 September 2024 – via Hungaricana [hu].
101. "Televizija+Radio – Sobota" [Television+Radio – Saturday]. Delo (in Slovenian). Ljubljana, Slovenia. 9 May 1998. p. 25. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
102. "Televisión" [Television]. La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 9 May 1998. p. 8. Archived from the original on 29 November 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
103. "TV & Radio". Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). Stockholm, Sweden. 9 May 1998. p. 29.
104. "Radio". Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). Stockholm, Sweden. 9 May 1998. p. 29.
105. "Radio / TV Samstag" [Radio / TV Saturday]. Freiburger Nachrichten [de] (in German). Fribourg, Switzerland. 9 May 1998. p. 8. Retrieved 16 June 2024 – via E-newspaperarchives.ch.
106. Taillens, Mary-Claude (9 May 1998). "Entre Native et Jean-Marc Richard" [Between Native and Jean-Marc Richard]. Le Matin. Lausanne, Switzerland: Edipresse Publications SA. Archived from the original on 19 June 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2022 – via Scriptorium Digital Library.
107. "Radio". Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in German). Zürich, Switzerland. 9 May 1998. p. 106. Retrieved 29 October 2024 – via E-newspaperarchives.ch.
108. "Eurovision yarışması" [Eurovision contest]. Cumhuriyet (in Turkish). 9 May 1998. p. 16. Archived from the original on 21 December 2022. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
109. "The Eurovision Song Contest – BBC One". Radio Times. 9 May 1998. Archived from the original on 19 June 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2022 – via BBC Genome Project.
110. "Eurovision Song Contest – BBC Radio 2". Radio Times. 9 May 1998. Archived from the original on 21 March 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2022 – via BBC Genome Project.
111. "The Guide". Victor Harbor Times. Victor Harbor, South Australia, Australia. 14 May 1998. p. 24. Archived from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2022 – via Trove.
112. "Song Contest mit Stermann & Grissemann" [Eurovision with Stermann & Grissemann] (in German). ORF. 1 May 2012. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
113. "Radio • TV Lørdag" [Radio • TV Saturday]. Flensborg Avis (in Danish). Flensburg, Germany. 9 May 1998. p. 25. Retrieved 21 September 2024.
114. "Your BFBS Television programmes" (PDF). Penguin News Information Pullout. Stanley, Falkland Islands. 9–15 May 1998. p. 2. Retrieved 20 July 2024 – via Jane Cameron National Archives.
115. "svf – Leygardagur 9. mai" [svf – Saturday 9 May]. Sosialurin (in Faroese and Danish). Tórshavn, Faroe Islands. 9 May 1998. pp. 30–31. Retrieved 22 July 2024 – via Infomedia [dk].
116. "KNR Aallakaatitassat – Arfininngorneq Lørdag 9. maj" [KNR Programmes – Saturday 9 May]. Atuagagdliutit (in Kalaallisut and Danish). Nuuk, Greenland. 7 May 1998. p. 29. Retrieved 15 July 2024 – via Timarit.is.
117. "Útvarp/Sjónvarp" [Radio/Television]. Morgunblaðið (in Icelandic). Reykjavík, Iceland. 9 May 1998. Retrieved 21 June 2022 – via Timarit.is.
118. Balode, Mārīte, ed. (2004). "Eirovīzijas Dziesmu konkursa Nacionālā atlase" [National selection for the Eurovision Song Contest]. Cilvēki TV vil̦n̦os: ʹ54-ʹ04 [People on TV waves: ʹ54-ʹ04] (in Latvian). Riga, Latvia: Latvijas Televīzija. ISBN 9984196240. Archived from the original on 2 March 2017. Retrieved 16 June 2024 – via Digitalizētie Video un Audio (DIVA). Programmu direkcija 1998. Un 1999.gadā piešķira līdzekļus, lai arī Latvijā varētu parādīt konkursu no Birmingemas un Jeruzalemes. [In 1998 and 1999, the Directorate of Programs allocated funds so that the competition from Birmingham and Jerusalem could also be shown in Latvia.]
119. "Streips kā dalībnieks debitē 'Eirovīzijā'" [Streips debuts as a Eurovision participant] (in Latvian). Delfi. 9 November 2011. Archived from the original on 30 November 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
120. "TV – sobota, 9 maja" [TV – Saturday 9 May] (PDF). Kurier Wileński (in Polish). Vilnius, Lithuania. 9 May 1998. p. 11. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 October 2022. Retrieved 28 October 2022 – via Polonijna Biblioteka Cyfrowa.
121. "ТВ Програм" [TV Programme]. Borba (in Serbian (Cyrillic script)). Belgrade, Serbia, Yugoslavia. 13 June 1998. p. 16. Retrieved 2 August 2024 – via Belgrade University Library.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
122. Backer, Stina (25 May 2012). "Forgettable song, memorable outfit: The crazy clothes of Eurovision". CNN. Archived from the original on 25 May 2012. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
123. "Barbara Dex Award – All winners". songfestival.be. 30 May 2021. Archived from the original on 17 March 2022. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
124. Philips, Roel (25 May 2005). "Martin Vucic wins Barbara Dex Award". ESCToday. Archived from the original on 10 June 2015. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
125. "About Us". The House of Eurovision. Archived from the original on 15 April 2001. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
126. "Storm over Israeli sex-change singer". BBC News. 8 December 1997. Archived from the original on 25 June 2022. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
127. Freyne, Patrick. "Eurovision's political scandals – From Franco to Syrian flags". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 22 June 2022. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
128. "10 controversial moments in Eurovision history". ABC News. 21 May 2015. Archived from the original on 21 May 2015. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
129. "Transsexual singer stirs up passions". BBC News. 10 May 1998. Archived from the original on 24 October 2002. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
130. Shinefield, Mordechai (12 June 2008). "What Eurovision Teaches Us About Israel". Jewcy. Archived from the original on 30 November 2010. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
131. Chamish, Barry; Bronson, Fred (23 May 1998). "The Controversy Behind Israel's New Diva". Billboard. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
132. "'Congratulations' – 14 songs to compete". European Broadcasting Union. 16 June 2005. Archived from the original on 28 August 2005. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
133. "Results from the voting (Round 1 and 2)". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 25 October 2005. Retrieved 1 July 2022.

Bibliography

• O'Connor, John Kennedy (2010). The Eurovision Song Contest: The Official History (2nd ed.). London, United Kingdom: Carlton Books. ISBN 978-1-84732-521-1.
• Pajala, Mari (2007). "Closeting Eurovision. Heteronormativity in the Finnish national television". Queer Eurovision. 2. Suomen Queer-tutkimuksen Seuran lehti: 25–42. Archived from the original on 20 June 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
• Roxburgh, Gordon (2020). Songs for Europe: The United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest. Vol. Four: The 1990s. Prestatyn, United Kingdom: Telos Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84583-163-9.
• Thorsson, Leif; Verhage, Martin (2006). Melodifestivalen genom tiderna : de svenska uttagningarna och internationella finalerna [Melodifestivalen through the ages: the Swedish selections and international finals] (in Swedish). Stockholm, Sweden: Premium Publishing. pp. 266–267. ISBN 91-89136-29-2.

External links

• Eurovision Song Contest official website