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Naturally occurring ytterbium (70Yb) is composed of seven stable isotopes:[n 1] 168Yb, 170Yb–174Yb, and 176Yb, with 174Yb being the most abundant (31.83% natural abundance). 30 radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being 169Yb with a half-life of 32.014 days, 175Yb with a half-life of 4.185 days, and 166Yb with a half-life of 56.7 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 2 hours, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 20 minutes. This element also has 18 meta states, with the most stable being 169mYb (t1/2 46 seconds).
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Standard atomic weight Ar°(Yb) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The isotopes of ytterbium range from 149Yb to 187Yb. The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, 174Yb is electron capture, and the primary mode after is beta emission. The primary decay products before 174Yb are isotopes of thulium, and the primary products after are isotopes of lutetium. Of interest to modern quantum optics, the different ytterbium isotopes follow either Bose–Einstein statistics or Fermi–Dirac statistics, leading to interesting behavior in optical lattices.
Nuclide [n 2] |
Z | N | Isotopic mass (Da)[4] [n 3][n 4] |
Half-life[1] [n 5] |
Decay mode[1] [n 6] |
Daughter isotope [n 7] |
Spin and parity[1] [n 5] |
Natural abundance (mole fraction) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Excitation energy[n 5] | Normal proportion[1] | Range of variation | |||||||||||||||||
149Yb | 70 | 79 | 148.96422(32)# | 0.7(2) s | β+, p | 148Er | (1/2+) | ||||||||||||
β+ (rare) | 149Tm | ||||||||||||||||||
150Yb | 70 | 80 | 149.95831(32)# | 700# ms [>200 ns] | β+? | 150Tm? | 0+ | ||||||||||||
151Yb | 70 | 81 | 150.95540(32) | 1.6(5) s | β+ | 151Tm | (1/2+) | ||||||||||||
β+, p (rare) | 150Er | ||||||||||||||||||
151m1Yb | 740(100)# keV | 1.6(5) s | β+ | 151Tm | (11/2−) | ||||||||||||||
β+, p (rare) | 150Er | ||||||||||||||||||
151m2Yb | 2630(141)# keV | 2.6(7) μs | IT | 151Yb | 19/2−# | ||||||||||||||
151m3Yb | 3287(141)# keV | 20(1) μs | IT | 151Yb | 27/2−# | ||||||||||||||
152Yb | 70 | 82 | 151.95033(16) | 3.03(6) s | β+ | 152Tm | 0+ | ||||||||||||
152mYb | 2744.5(10) keV | 30(1) μs | IT | 152Yb | (10+) | ||||||||||||||
153Yb | 70 | 83 | 152.94937(22)# | 4.2(2) s | β+ | 153Tm | 7/2− | ||||||||||||
β+, p (0.008%) | 152Er | ||||||||||||||||||
153mYb | 2630(50)# keV | 15(1) μs | IT | 153Yb | 27/2− | ||||||||||||||
154Yb | 70 | 84 | 153.946396(19) | 0.409(2) s | α (92.6%) | 150Er | 0+ | ||||||||||||
β+ (7.4%) | 154Tm | ||||||||||||||||||
155Yb | 70 | 85 | 154.945783(18) | 1.793(20) s | α (89%) | 151Er | (7/2−) | ||||||||||||
β+ (11%) | 155Tm | ||||||||||||||||||
156Yb | 70 | 86 | 155.942817(10) | 26.1(7) s | β+ (90%) | 156Tm | 0+ | ||||||||||||
α (10%) | 152Er | ||||||||||||||||||
157Yb | 70 | 87 | 156.942651(12) | 38.6(10) s | β+ | 157Tm | 7/2− | ||||||||||||
α (rare) | 153Er | ||||||||||||||||||
158Yb | 70 | 88 | 157.939871(9) | 1.49(13) min | β+ (99.99%) | 158Tm | 0+ | ||||||||||||
α (.0021%) | 154Er | ||||||||||||||||||
159Yb | 70 | 89 | 158.940060(19) | 1.67(9) min | β+ | 159Tm | 5/2− | ||||||||||||
160Yb | 70 | 90 | 159.937559(6) | 4.8(2) min | β+ | 160Tm | 0+ | ||||||||||||
161Yb | 70 | 91 | 160.937912(16) | 4.2(2) min | β+ | 161Tm | 3/2− | ||||||||||||
162Yb | 70 | 92 | 161.935779(16) | 18.87(19) min | β+ | 162Tm | 0+ | ||||||||||||
163Yb | 70 | 93 | 162.936345(16) | 11.05(35) min | β+ | 163Tm | 3/2− | ||||||||||||
164Yb | 70 | 94 | 163.934501(16) | 75.8(17) min | EC | 164Tm | 0+ | ||||||||||||
165Yb | 70 | 95 | 164.935270(28) | 9.9(3) min | β+ | 165Tm | 5/2− | ||||||||||||
165mYb | 126.80(9) keV | 300(30) ns | IT | 165Yb | 9/2+ | ||||||||||||||
166Yb | 70 | 96 | 165.933876(8) | 56.7(1) h | EC | 166Tm | 0+ | ||||||||||||
167Yb | 70 | 97 | 166.934954(4) | 17.5(2) min | β+ | 167Tm | 5/2− | ||||||||||||
167mYb | 571.548(22) keV | ~180 ns | IT | 167Yb | 11/2− | ||||||||||||||
168Yb | 70 | 98 | 167.9338913(1) | Observationally Stable[n 8] | 0+ | 0.00123(3) | |||||||||||||
169Yb | 70 | 99 | 168.93518421(19) | 32.014(5) d | EC | 169Tm | 7/2+ | ||||||||||||
169mYb | 24.1999(16) keV | 46(2) s | IT | 169Yb | 1/2− | ||||||||||||||
170Yb | 70 | 100 | 169.934767243(11) | Observationally Stable[n 9] | 0+ | 0.02982(39) | |||||||||||||
170mYb | 1258.46(14) keV | 370(15) ns | IT | 170Yb | 4− | ||||||||||||||
171Yb | 70 | 101 | 170.936331515(14) | Observationally Stable[n 10] | 1/2− | 0.14086(140) | |||||||||||||
171m1Yb | 95.282(2) keV | 5.25(24) ms | IT | 171Yb | 7/2+ | ||||||||||||||
171m2Yb | 122.416(2) keV | 265(20) ns | IT | 171Yb | 5/2− | ||||||||||||||
172Yb | 70 | 102 | 171.936386654(15) | Observationally Stable[n 11] | 0+ | 0.21686(130) | |||||||||||||
172mYb | 1550.43(6) keV | 3.6(1) μs | IT | 172Yb | 6− | ||||||||||||||
173Yb | 70 | 103 | 172.938216212(12) | Observationally Stable[n 12] | 5/2− | 0.16103(63) | |||||||||||||
173mYb | 398.9(5) keV | 2.9(1) μs | IT | 173Yb | 1/2− | ||||||||||||||
174Yb | 70 | 104 | 173.938867546(12) | Observationally Stable[n 13] | 0+ | 0.32025(80) | |||||||||||||
174m1Yb | 1518.148(13) keV | 830(40) μs | IT | 174Yb | 6+ | ||||||||||||||
174m2Yb | 1765.2(5) keV | 256(11) ns | IT | 174Yb | 7− | ||||||||||||||
175Yb | 70 | 105 | 174.94128191(8) | 4.185(1) d | β− | 175Lu | 7/2− | ||||||||||||
175mYb | 514.866(4) keV | 68.2(3) ms | IT | 175Yb | 1/2− | ||||||||||||||
176Yb | 70 | 106 | 175.942574706(16) | Observationally Stable[n 14] | 0+ | 0.12995(83) | |||||||||||||
176mYb | 1049.8(6) keV | 11.4(3) s | IT | 176Yb | 8− | ||||||||||||||
β− (<10#%) | 176Lu | ||||||||||||||||||
177Yb | 70 | 107 | 176.94526385(24) | 1.911(3) h | β− | 177Lu | 9/2+ | ||||||||||||
177mYb | 331.5(3) keV | 6.41(2) s | IT | 177Yb | 1/2− | ||||||||||||||
178Yb | 70 | 108 | 177.946669(7) | 74(3) min | β− | 178Lu | 0+ | ||||||||||||
179Yb | 70 | 109 | 178.94993(22)# | 8.0(4) min | β− | 179Lu | (1/2−) | ||||||||||||
180Yb | 70 | 110 | 179.95199(32)# | 2.4(5) min | β− | 180Lu | 0+ | ||||||||||||
181Yb | 70 | 111 | 180.95589(32)# | 1# min [>300 ns] | β−? | 181Lu? | 3/2−# | ||||||||||||
182Yb[n 15] | 70 | 112 | 181.95824(43)# | 30# s [>300 ns] | β−? | 182Lu? | 0+ | ||||||||||||
183Yb | 70 | 113 | 182.96243(43)# | 30# s [>300 ns] | β−? | 183Lu? | 3/2−# | ||||||||||||
184Yb | 70 | 114 | 183.96500(54)# | 7# s [>300 ns] | β−? | 184Lu? | 0+ | ||||||||||||
185Yb | 70 | 115 | 184.96943(54)# | 5# s [>300 ns] | β−? | 185Lu? | 9/2−# | ||||||||||||
186Yb[5] | 70 | 116 | 0+ | ||||||||||||||||
187Yb[5] | 70 | 117 | |||||||||||||||||
This table header & footer: |
EC: | Electron capture |
IT: | Isomeric transition |
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