Viviparidae, sometimes known as the river snails or mystery snails, are a family of large aquatic gastropod mollusks, being some of the most widely distributed operculate freshwater snails.
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This family is classified in the informal group Architaenioglossa according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005.
This family occurs nearly worldwide in temperate and tropical regions, with the exception that they are absent from South America.
There are two genera of Viviparidae in Africa: Bellamya and Neothauma.[3]
The oldest known vivparid is Viviparus langtonensis from the Middle Jurassic of England.[4] The oldest records from the Southern Hemisphere is from the Late Jurassic Talbragar fossil beds of Australia.[5]
The family Viviparidae contains 3 subfamilies (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005):
- Viviparinae Gray, 1847 (1833) - synonyms: Paludinidae Fitzinger, 1833 (inv.); Kosoviinae Atanackovic, 1859 (n.a.)
- Bellamyinae Rohrbach, 1937 - synonym: Amuropaludinidae Starobogatov, Prozorova, Bogatov & Sayenko, 2004 (n.a.)
- Lioplacinae Gill, 1863 - synonym: Campelomatinae Thiele, 1929
Genera within the family Viviparidae include:
subfamily Viviparinae Gray, 1847
subfamily Bellamyinae Rohrbach, 1937
- Amuropaludina Moskvicheva, 1979
- Angulyagra Rao, 1931[7]
- Anulotaia Brandt, 1968
- Anularya Zhang & Chen, 2015[8]
- † Apameaus Sivan, Heller & van Damme, 2006[9] This Pliocene-Pleistocene genus contains only one species Apameaus apameae Sivan, Heller & van Damme, 2006
- Bellamya Jousseame, 1886 - type genus of the subfamily
- Boganmargarya Thach, 2018
- Cipangopaludina Hannibal, 1912[7]
- Eyriesia P. Fischer, 1885
- Filopaludina Habe, 1964
- Heterogen Annandale, 1921 - with the only species Heterogen longispira (E. A. Smith, 1886)
- Idiopoma Pilsbry, 1901
- Larina Adams, 1851[10]
- Margarya Nevill, 1877
- Mekongia Crosse & Fischer, 1876
- Neclarina Iredale, 1943
- Notopala Cotton, 1935[11]
- Sinotaia Haas, 1939
- Taia Annandale, 1918
- † Temnotaia Annandale, 1919
- Tchangmargarya He, 2013[8]
- Torotaia Haas, 1939
- Trochotaia Brandt, 1974[12]
subfamily Lioplacinae Gill, 1863
subfamily ?
- † Albianopalin Hamilton-Bruce, Smith & Gowlett-Holmes, 2002[13] - from Albian, New South Wales[13]
- Neothauma E. A. Smith, 1880[3]
- Siamopaludina Brandt, 1968
- Genera brought into synonymy
- Centrapala Cotton, 1935:[10] synonym of Larina A. Adams, 1855
- Contectiana Bourguignat, 1880: synonym of Viviparus Montfort, 1810
- Eularina Iredale, 1943: synonym of Larina A. Adams, 1855
- subfamily † Kosoviinae Atanacković, 1959: synonym of Viviparidae Gray, 1847
- Lecythoconcha Annandale, 1920: synonym of Cipangopaludina Hannibal, 1912
- Metohia Popović, 1964 : (junior homonym, no replacement name available in 2014)
- Notopalena Iredale, 1943: synonym of Notopala Cotton, 1935
- Paludina Férussac, 1812: synonym of Viviparus Montfort, 1810
- Siamopaludina Brandt, 1968 : synonym of Filopaludina (Siamopaludina) Brandt, 1968 represented as Filopaludina Habe, 1964
- Vivipara : synonym of Viviparus Montfort, 1810
Life spans have been reported from 3 to 11 years in various species of Viviparidae.[14]
Gray J. E. (November 1847) (1833). "A list of genera of Recent Mollusca, their synonyma and types". Proceedings of the Zoological Society in London, 15: 129-182. Viviparidae at page 155.
Stelbrink, Björn; Richter, Romy; Köhler, Frank; Riedel, Frank; Strong, Ellen E; Van Bocxlaer, Bert; Albrecht, Christian; Hauffe, Torsten; Page, Timothy J; Aldridge, David C; Bogan, Arthur E (15 February 2020). "Global Diversification Dynamics Since the Jurassic: Low Dispersal and Habitat-Dependent Evolution Explain Hotspots of Diversity and Shell Disparity in River Snails (Viviparidae)". Systematic Biology. 69 (5): 944–961. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syaa011. hdl:20.500.12210/34294. ISSN 1063-5157. PMID 32061133. Van Bocxlaer, Bert; Strong, Ellen E; Richter, Romy; Stelbrink, Björn; Rintelen, Thomas Von (14 December 2017). "Anatomical and genetic data reveal that Rivularia Heude, 1890 belongs to Viviparinae (Gastropoda: Viviparidae)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 182 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx014. ISSN 0024-4082. Du L.-N., Yang J.-X. & Chen X.-Y. (2011). "A new species of Trochotaia (Caenogastropoda: Viviparidae) from Yunnan, China". Molluscan Research 31(2): 85-89. abstract Hamilton-Bruce R. J., Smith B. J. & Gowlett-Holmes K. L. (2002). "Descriptions of a new genus and two new species of viviparid snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Viviparidae) from the Early Cretaceous (middle-late Albian) Griman Creek Formation of Lightning Ridge, northern New South Wales". Records of the South Australian Museum 35': 193–203. PDF Heller, J (1990). "Longevity in molluscs". Malacologia. 31 (2): 259–295.
- Hirano T., Saito T. & Chiba S. (2015). "Phylogeny of freshwater viviparid snails in Japan". Journal of Molluscan Studies 81(4): 435–441. doi:10.1093/mollus/eyv019.
- Qian Z.-X., Fang Y.-F. & He J. (2014). "A conchological review of Bellamyinae (Gastropoda: Viviparidae) of China". Shell Discoveries 1(3): 3-12.