User:Elinruby/Brazil
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The Mining Code is a Brazilian federal law, published by Decree-Law nº 227, of February 28, 1967, which regulates the administration of mineral resources by the Union (Brazil), the mineral production industry and distribution, trade eoconsumption of mineral products in Brazil.
In 1891, the Republican Constitution was promulgated, which linked subsoil ownership to that of the soil, which was separated with the New Constitution of 1934. Furthermore, the National Department of Mineral Production (DNPM) was created.
With the granting of the Constitution of the Estado Novo, in 1937, the use of mineral deposits was restricted only to Brazilians or companies formed by Brazilians. A year later, in 1938, the National Petroleum Council was created, which nationalized oil refining and regulated its import and transportation. In 1940, Constitutional Law no. such as the 'Code of Mines'. The Mining Code defined the rights over deposits and mines, established the regime for their use and regulated State intervention in the mining industry. Six years after the creation of the Mining Code, in 1946, the New Constitutional Order reopened mining in the country to the participation of foreign capital, and extended the Single Taxation, created in 1940, to all minerals in Brazil. The Brazilian Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME) was then created in 1960.[1] Finally, in 1967, Decree-Law No. 227 was created, called the ‘Mining Code’, which is in force to this day. On July 25, 2017, the Mining Code underwent changes, through Provisional Measures 789, 790 and 791, which changed the CFEM rate, created the National Mining Agency, in addition to new rules and taxes, aiming to modernize the normative base of Brazilian mining.
The Native Vegetation Protection Law (LPVN), popularly called the New Brazilian Forest Code[1][note 1] (Law No. 12,651, of May 25, 2012,[2] arising from Bill No. 1,876/99[ 3]), it is the Brazilian law that provides for the protection of native vegetation, having revoked the Brazilian Forest Code of 1965.[4]Since the 1990s, the proposal to reform the Forest Code has sparked controversy among ruralists and environmentalists.[ 4]The project that resulted in the current text was processed for 12 years in the Chamber of Deputies and was prepared by deputy Sérgio Carvalho (PSDB of Rondônia).[4]In 2009, deputy Zini from PCdoB was appointed rapporteur of the project, having issued a report favorable to the law in 2010.[4]The Chamber of Deputies approved the project for the first time on May 25, 2011, forwarding it to the Federal Senate. On December 6, 2011, the Federal Senate approved it by 59 votes against 7 Aldo Rebelo's project (in the Senate, the project acquired the name "Law of the Chamber nº 30 of 2011")[4][5] On April 25, 2012, the Chamber approved an amended version of the law, even more favorable to the ruralists, who celebrated.[6]In May 2012, President Dilma Rousseff vetoed 12 points of the law and proposed the amendment of 32 other articles."[7] After Congress approved the "New Forest Code", NGOs, activists and Social movements organized the "Veta Dilma" movement, calling for a full veto of the Bill.[4
Brazilian criminal justice is ...