User:Anders Alfjorden (UU)/sandbox
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DNA barcoding methods are used to identify organisms or groups of organisms based on DNA sequences within selected regions of a genome. These methods are useful in studying fish (and other aquatic organisms), as genetic material in the form of environmental DNA (eDNA) or cells is freely diffused in water. This allows researchers to identify what species are present in a body of water by collecting a water sample, extracting DNA from the sample and isolating DNA sequences that are specific for the species of interest[1]. Barcoding methods can also be used for biomonitoring and food safety validation, assessing food webs and species distribution, and for detection of invasive species[1].
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In fish research, barcoding can be used as an alternative to more traditional sampling methods, and often they can provide more information without damage to the studied animals[2]. Barcoding methods can also be very cost efficient compared to the traditional methods [reference needed].
Aquatic environments have unique properties that affect how genetic material from organisms is distributed. DNA material diffuses rapidly in aquatic environment, which makes it possible to detect organisms from wide area when sampling from a specific spot[1]. Due to rapid degradation of DNA in aquatic environments, detected organism represent contemporary presence of these organisms, without confounding signals from the past[3].
One of the major benefits of DNA-based identifications is their fast, reliable and accurate characterization across all life stages and species[4]. Reference libraries are used to connect barcode sequences to single species and can be used to assess the organisms present in DNA samples. Libraries of reference sequences are also useful in identifying species in cases of morphological ambiguity, such as with larval stages[4].
Using eDNA samples and barcoding methods are important in water management, as the species composition of an aquatic environment can be used as an indicator of ecosystem health[5]. These methods are particularly useful in studying endangered or elusive fish, as species can be detected without catching or harming the animals[6].