User:Abdel Rahman Samir/Albert Einstein
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Albert Einstein (/ˈælbərt ˈaɪnstaɪn/; German: [ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n]ⓘ; 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was an ethnically Jewish, German-born theoretical physicist.[2][3] He is best known for his theories of special relativity and general relativity. Einstein received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect."[4]. He is often regarded as the father of Modern Physics and the greatest scientist of the 20th Century.
Albert Einstein | |
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Born | (1879-03-14)March 14, 1879 |
Died | April 18, 1955(1955-04-18) (aged 76) |
Citizenship | Württemberg/Germany (1879–96) Stateless (1896-1901) Switzerland (1901–55) Austria (1911–12) Germany (1914–33) United States (1940–55)[1] |
Alma mater | ETH Zurich University of Zurich |
Known for | General relativity Special relativity Photoelectric effect Brownian motion Mass-energy equivalence Einstein field equations Unified Field Theory Bose–Einstein statistics |
Spouse(s) | Mileva Marić (1903–1919) Elsa Löwenthal, née Einstein, (1923-1936) |
Awards | Nobel Prize in Physics (1921) Copley Medal (1925) Max Planck Medal (1929) Person of the Century |
Scientific career | |
Fields | Physics |
Institutions | Swiss Patent Office (Bern) University of Zurich Charles University in Prague ETH Zurich Prussian Academy of Sciences Kaiser Wilhelm Institute University of Leiden Institute for Advanced Study |
Doctoral advisor | Alfred Kleiner |
Other academic advisors | Heinrich Friedrich Weber |
Notable students | Ernst G. Straus Nathan Rosen |
Signature | |
Einstein's many contributions to physics include:
- The special theory of relativity, which reconciled mechanics with electromagnetism
- The general theory of relativity, a new theory of gravitation obeying the equivalence principle.
- Founding of relativistic cosmology with a cosmological constant
- The first post-Newtonian expansion, explaining the perihelion advance of Mercury
- Prediction of the deflection of light by gravity and gravitational lensing
- The first fluctuation dissipation theorem which explained the Brownian movement of molecules
- The theory of density fluctuations in gasses and liquids, giving a criterion for critical opalescence
- The photon theory and wave-particle duality derived from the thermodynamic properties of light
- The quantum theory of atomic motion in solids
- Zero-point energy
- The semiclassical version of the Schrödinger equation
- Relations for atomic transition probabilities which predicted stimulated emission
- The quantum theory of a monatomic gas which predicted Bose-Einstein condensation
- The EPR paradox
- A program for a unified field theory
- The geometrization of fundamental physics.
Einstein published more than 300 scientific works and more than 150 non-scientific works.[5][6] In 1999 Time magazine named him the Person of the Century beating contenders like Mahatma Gandhi and Franklin Roosevelt, and in the words of a biographer, "to the scientifically literate and the public at large, Einstein is synonymous with genius."[7]