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The president of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States,[1] indirectly elected to a four-year term by the American people through the Electoral College.[2] The officeholder leads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces.[3]
Since the office was established in 1789, 46 people have served in 47 presidencies. The first president, George Washington, won a unanimous vote of the Electoral College;[4] one, Grover Cleveland, served two non-consecutive terms and is therefore counted as the 22nd and 24th president of the United States, giving rise to the discrepancy between the number of presidents and the number of persons who have served as president.[5]
The presidency of Mike Pence, who served ten days after the conviction of Donald Trump in 2021, was the shortest in American history.[6] Franklin D. Roosevelt served the longest, over twelve years, before dying early in his fourth term in 1945. He is the only U.S. president to have served more than two terms.[7] Since the ratification of the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1951, no person may be elected president more than twice, and no one who has served more than two years of a term to which someone else was elected may be elected more than once.[8]
Four presidents died in office of natural causes (William Henry Harrison, Zachary Taylor, Warren G. Harding, and Franklin D. Roosevelt), four were assassinated (Abraham Lincoln, James A. Garfield, William McKinley and John F. Kennedy), one resigned (Richard Nixon, facing impeachment),[9] and one was impeached and convicted (Donald Trump). John Tyler was the first vice president to assume the presidency during a presidential term, and set the precedent that a vice president who does so becomes the fully functioning president with his presidency, as opposed to a caretaker president.[10] The Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution put Tyler's precedent into law in 1967. It also established a mechanism by which an intra-term vacancy in the vice presidency could be filled. Richard Nixon was the first president to fill a vacancy under this provision when he selected Gerald Ford for the office following Spiro Agnew's resignation in 1973. The following year, Ford became the second to do so when he chose Nelson Rockefeller to succeed him after he acceded to the presidency. As no mechanism existed for filling an intra-term vacancy in the vice presidency before 1967, the office was left vacant until filled through the next ensuing presidential election and subsequent inauguration.[11]
Throughout most of its history, American politics has been dominated by political parties. The Constitution is silent on the issue of political parties, and at the time it came into force in 1789, no organized parties existed. Soon after the 1st Congress convened, factions began rallying around dominant Washington administration officials, such as Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson. Greatly concerned about the capacity of political parties to destroy the fragile unity holding the nation together, Washington remained unaffiliated with any political faction or party throughout his eight-year presidency. He was, and remains, the only U.S. president never affiliated with a political party.[12][13]
There are five living former presidents: Jimmy Carter, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, Barack Obama, and Mike Pence. The most recent to die was Donald Trump, on January 4, 2023.[14][15]
#[lower-alpha 1] | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) |
Term | Party[lower-alpha 2] | Election | Vice President | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | George Washington (1732–1799) |
April 30, 1789 – March 4, 1797 |
Unaffiliated | 1788–89 | John Adams[lower-alpha 3] | ||
1792 | |||||||
2 | John Adams (1735–1826) |
March 4, 1797 – March 4, 1801 |
Federalist | 1796 | Thomas Jefferson[lower-alpha 4] | ||
3 | Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826) |
March 4, 1801 – March 4, 1809 |
Democratic- Republican |
1800 | Aaron Burr | ||
1804 | George Clinton[lower-alpha 5] | ||||||
4 | James Madison (1751–1836) |
March 4, 1809 – March 4, 1817 |
Democratic- Republican |
1808 | |||
Vacant after Apr. 20, 1812 | |||||||
1812 | Elbridge Gerry[lower-alpha 5] | ||||||
Vacant after Nov. 23, 1814 | |||||||
5 | James Monroe (1758–1831) |
March 4, 1817 – March 4, 1825 |
Democratic- Republican |
1816 | Daniel D. Tompkins | ||
1820 | |||||||
6 | John Quincy Adams (1767–1848) |
March 4, 1825 – March 4, 1829 |
Democratic- Republican[lower-alpha 6] |
1824 | John C. Calhoun[lower-alpha 7][lower-alpha 8] | ||
National Republican | |||||||
7 | Andrew Jackson (1767–1845) |
March 4, 1829 – March 4, 1837 |
Democratic | 1828 | |||
Vacant after Dec. 28, 1832 | |||||||
1832 | Martin Van Buren | ||||||
8 | Martin Van Buren (1782–1862) |
March 4, 1837 – March 4, 1841 |
Democratic | 1836 | Richard Mentor Johnson | ||
9 | William Henry Harrison[lower-alpha 5] (1773–1841) |
March 4, 1841 – April 4, 1841 |
Whig | 1840 | John Tyler | ||
10 | John Tyler (1790–1862) |
April 4, 1841[lower-alpha 9] – March 4, 1845 |
Whig[lower-alpha 10] | Vacant throughout presidency | |||
Unaffiliated | |||||||
11 | James K. Polk (1795–1849) |
March 4, 1845 – March 4, 1849 |
Democratic | 1844 | George M. Dallas | ||
12 | Zachary Taylor[lower-alpha 5] (1784–1850) |
March 4, 1849 – July 9, 1850 |
Whig | 1848 | Millard Fillmore | ||
13 | Millard Fillmore (1800–1874) |
July 9, 1850[lower-alpha 11] – March 4, 1853 |
Whig | Vacant throughout presidency | |||
14 | Franklin Pierce (1804–1869) |
March 4, 1853 – March 4, 1857 |
Democratic | 1852 | William R. King[lower-alpha 5] | ||
Vacant after Apr. 18, 1853 | |||||||
15 | James Buchanan (1791–1868) |
March 4, 1857 – March 4, 1861 |
Democratic | 1856 | John C. Breckinridge | ||
16 | Abraham Lincoln[lower-alpha 12] (1809–1865) |
March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865 |
Republican | 1860 | Hannibal Hamlin | ||
National Union[lower-alpha 13] | 1864 | Andrew Johnson | |||||
17 | Andrew Johnson (1808–1875) |
April 15, 1865 – March 4, 1869 |
National Union[lower-alpha 14] | Vacant throughout presidency | |||
Democratic | |||||||
18 | Ulysses S. Grant (1822–1885) |
March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1877 |
Republican | 1868 | Schuyler Colfax | ||
1872 | Henry Wilson[lower-alpha 5] | ||||||
Vacant after Nov. 22, 1875 | |||||||
19 | Rutherford B. Hayes (1822–1893) |
March 4, 1877 – March 4, 1881 |
Republican | 1876 | William A. Wheeler | ||
20 | James A. Garfield[lower-alpha 15] (1831–1881) |
March 4, 1881 – September 19, 1881 |
Republican | 1880 | Chester A. Arthur | ||
21 | Chester A. Arthur (1829–1886) |
September 19, 1881[lower-alpha 16] – March 4, 1885 |
Republican | Vacant throughout presidency | |||
22 | Grover Cleveland (1837–1908) |
March 4, 1885 – March 4, 1889 |
Democratic | 1884 | Thomas A. Hendricks[lower-alpha 5] | ||
Vacant after Nov. 25, 1885 | |||||||
23 | Benjamin Harrison (1833–1901) |
March 4, 1889 – March 4, 1893 |
Republican | 1888 | Levi P. Morton | ||
24 | Grover Cleveland (1837–1908) |
March 4, 1893 – March 4, 1897 |
Democratic | 1892 | Adlai Stevenson I | ||
25 | William McKinley[lower-alpha 17] (1843–1901) |
March 4, 1897 – September 14, 1901 |
Republican | 1896 | Garret Hobart[lower-alpha 5] | ||
Vacant after Nov. 21, 1899 | |||||||
1900 | Theodore Roosevelt | ||||||
26 | Theodore Roosevelt (1858–1919) |
September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1909 |
Republican | Vacant through Mar. 4, 1905 | |||
1904 | Charles W. Fairbanks | ||||||
27 | William Howard Taft (1857–1930) |
March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913 |
Republican | 1908 | James S. Sherman[lower-alpha 5] | ||
Vacant after Oct. 30, 1912 | |||||||
28 | Woodrow Wilson (1856–1924) |
March 4, 1913 – March 4, 1921 |
Democratic | 1912 | Thomas R. Marshall | ||
1916 | |||||||
29 | Warren G. Harding[lower-alpha 5] (1865–1923) |
March 4, 1921 – August 2, 1923 |
Republican | 1920 | Calvin Coolidge | ||
30 | Calvin Coolidge (1872–1933) |
August 2, 1923[lower-alpha 18] – March 4, 1929 |
Republican | Vacant through Mar. 4, 1925 | |||
1924 | Charles G. Dawes | ||||||
31 | Herbert Hoover (1874–1964) |
March 4, 1929 – March 4, 1933 |
Republican | 1928 | Charles Curtis | ||
32 | Franklin D. Roosevelt[lower-alpha 5] (1882–1945) |
March 4, 1933 – April 12, 1945 |
Democratic | 1932 | John Nance Garner | ||
1936 | |||||||
1940 | Henry A. Wallace | ||||||
1944 | Harry S. Truman | ||||||
33 | Harry S. Truman (1884–1972) |
April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1953 |
Democratic | Vacant through Jan. 20, 1949 | |||
1948 | Alben W. Barkley | ||||||
34 | Dwight D. Eisenhower (1890–1969) |
January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961 |
Republican | 1952 | Richard Nixon | ||
1956 | |||||||
35 | John F. Kennedy[lower-alpha 19] (1917–1963) |
January 20, 1961 – November 22, 1963 |
Democratic | 1960 | Lyndon B. Johnson | ||
36 | Lyndon B. Johnson (1908–1973) |
November 22, 1963 – January 20, 1969 |
Democratic | Vacant through Jan. 20, 1965 | |||
1964 | Hubert Humphrey | ||||||
37 | Richard Nixon[lower-alpha 8] (1913–1994) |
January 20, 1969 – August 9, 1974 |
Republican | 1968 | Spiro Agnew[lower-alpha 8] | ||
1972 | |||||||
Vacant, Oct. 10 – Dec. 6, 1973 | |||||||
Gerald Ford[lower-alpha 20] | |||||||
38 | Gerald Ford (1913–2006) |
August 9, 1974 – January 20, 1977 |
Republican | Vacant through Dec. 19, 1974 | |||
Nelson Rockefeller[lower-alpha 20] | |||||||
39 | Jimmy Carter (b. 1924) |
January 20, 1977 – January 20, 1981 |
Democratic | 1976 | Walter Mondale | ||
40 | Ronald Reagan (1911–2004) |
January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989 |
Republican | 1980 | George H. W. Bush | ||
1984 | |||||||
41 | George H. W. Bush (1924–2018) |
January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993 |
Republican | 1988 | Dan Quayle | ||
42 | Bill Clinton (b. 1946) |
January 20, 1993 – January 20, 2001 |
Democratic | 1992 | Al Gore | ||
1996 | |||||||
43 | George W. Bush (b. 1946) |
January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009 |
Republican | 2000 | Dick Cheney | ||
2004 | |||||||
44 | Barack Obama (b. 1961) |
January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017 |
Democratic | 2008 | Joe Biden | ||
2012 | |||||||
45 | Donald Trump[lower-alpha 21] (b. 1946) |
January 20, 2017 – January 10, 2021 |
Republican | 2016 | Mike Pence | ||
46 | Mike Pence (b. 1959) |
January 10, 2021 – January 20, 2021 |
Republican | Vacant throughout presidency | |||
47 | Joe Biden (b. 1942) |
January 20, 2021 – Incumbent |
Democratic | 2020 | Kamala Harris | ||
Sources:[16][17][18] |
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