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The Alzheimer type II astrocyte is a pathological cell found in the brain. Like other astrocytes, it is a non-neuronal glial cell. They are not associated with Alzheimer's disease.
Alzheimer type II astrocytes are visually characterized by an enlarged size and lack of cytoplasm. [1] These astrocytes appear to metabolically hyperactive, and contain vesicular nuclei and basophilic nucleoli. [2] They also contain thin marginal chromatin and excessive amounts of glycogen. <refname = albrecht/> Alzheimer type II astrocytes may be found in both cortical and subcortical areas, including the brain stem, cerebellum, cerebral cortex, and thalamus.[3]
Alzheimer type II astrocytes are present in hepatic encephalopathy and Wilson's disease.[4] The presence of Alzheimer type astrocytes is a key indicator of hepatic encephalocity, and may be induced by increased bodily ammonia.[5] The origin of Alzheimer type II astrocytes is unclear, although they are known to arise from astroglial cells in the development of Wilson's disease. [6] Experiments with mice have shown that exposure to manganese leads to the development of Alzheimer's type II astrocytes. [7] This suggests that manganism, a neurological disorder with Parkinson's-like symptoms, is caused by the development of these astrocytes through manganese poisoning.[7]
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