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Tungsten, ₇₄W

Tungsten
Pronunciation	/ˈtʌŋstən/ ​(TUNG-stən)
Alternative name	Wolfram, pronounced: /ˈwʊlfrəm/ (WUUL-frəm)
Allotropes	α-tungsten (common), β-tungsten
Appearance	Grayish white, lustrous
Standard atomic weight Ar°(W)
	183.84±0.01[1] 183.84±0.01 (abridged)[2]
Tungsten in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson Mo ↑ W ↓ Sg tantalum ← tungsten → rhenium
Atomic number (Z)	74
Group	group 6
Period	period 6
Block	d-block
Electron configuration	[Xe] 4f14 5d4 6s2[3]
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 32, 12, 2
Physical properties
Phase at STP	solid
Melting point	3695 K ​(3422 °C, ​6192 °F)
Boiling point	6203 K ​(5930 °C, ​10706 °F)
Density (at 20° C)	19.254 g/cm3 [4]
when liquid (at m.p.)	17.6 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	52.31 kJ/mol[5][6]
Heat of vaporization	774 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	24.27 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T (K) 3477 3773 4137 4579 5127 5823
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	common: +4, +6 −4,? −2,[7] −1,[7] 0,? +1,[7] +2,[7] +3,[7] +5[7]
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 2.36
Ionization energies	1st: 770 kJ/mol 2nd: 1700 kJ/mol
Atomic radius	empirical: 139 pm
Covalent radius	162±7 pm
Spectral lines of tungsten
Other properties
Natural occurrence	primordial
Crystal structure	​body-centered cubic (bcc) (cI2)
Lattice constant	a = 316.52 pm (at 20 °C)[4]
Thermal expansion	4.42×10−6/K (at 20 °C)[4]
Thermal conductivity	173 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity	52.8 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering	paramagnetic[8]
Molar magnetic susceptibility	+59.0×10−6 cm3/mol (298 K)[9]
Young's modulus	411 GPa
Shear modulus	161 GPa
Bulk modulus	310 GPa
Speed of sound thin rod	4620 m/s (at r.t.) (annealed)
Poisson ratio	0.28
Mohs hardness	7.5
Vickers hardness	3430–4600 MPa
Brinell hardness	2000–4000 MPa
CAS Number	7440-33-7
History
Discovery and first isolation	Juan José Elhuyar and Fausto Elhuyar[10] (1783)
Named by	Torbern Bergman (1781)
Symbol	"W": from Wolfram, originally from Middle High German wolf-rahm 'wolf's foam' describing the mineral wolframite[11]
Isotopes of tungsten v e
Main isotopes Decay abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct 180W 0.120% 1.8×1018 y α 176Hf 181W synth 121.2 d ε 181Ta 182W 26.5% stable 183W 14.3% stable 184W 30.6% stable 185W synth 75.1 d β− 185Re 186W 28.4% stable 188W synth 69.78 d β− 188Re
Category: Tungsten view talk edit | references

Aluminium, ₁₃Al

Aluminium
Pronunciation	aluminium: /ˌæl(j)ʊˈmɪniəm/ ⓘ (AL-(y)uu-MIN-ee-əm) aluminum: /əˈluːmənəm/ ⓘ[12] (ə-LOO-mə-nəm)
Alternative name	Aluminum (U.S., Canada)
Appearance	Silvery gray metallic
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Al)
	26.9815384±0.0000003[13] 26.982±0.001 (abridged)[2]
Aluminium in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson B ↑ Al ↓ Ga magnesium ← aluminium → silicon
Atomic number (Z)	13
Group	group 13 (boron group)
Period	period 3
Block	p-block
Electron configuration	[Ne] 3s2 3p1
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 3
Physical properties
Phase at STP	solid
Melting point	933.47 K ​(660.32 °C, ​1220.58 °F)
Boiling point	2743[14] K ​(2470 °C, ​4478 °F)
Density (at 20 °C)	2.699 g/cm3[4]
when liquid (at m.p.)	2.375 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	10.71 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	284 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	24.20 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T (K) 1482 1632 1817 2054 2364 2790
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	common: +3 −2,? −1,? 0,[15] +1,[7][16] +2[17]
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.61
Ionization energies	1st: 577.5 kJ/mol 2nd: 1816.7 kJ/mol 3rd: 2744.8 kJ/mol (more)
Atomic radius	empirical: 143 pm
Covalent radius	121±4 pm
Van der Waals radius	184 pm
Spectral lines of aluminium
Other properties
Natural occurrence	primordial
Crystal structure	​face-centered cubic (fcc) (cF4)
Lattice constant	a = 404.93 pm (at 20 °C)[4]
Thermal expansion	22.87×10−6/K (at 20 °C)[4]
Thermal conductivity	237 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity	26.5 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering	paramagnetic[18]
Molar magnetic susceptibility	+16.5×10−6 cm3/mol
Young's modulus	70 GPa
Shear modulus	26 GPa
Bulk modulus	76 GPa
Speed of sound thin rod	(rolled) 5000 m/s (at r.t.)
Poisson ratio	0.35
Mohs hardness	2.75
Vickers hardness	160–350 MPa
Brinell hardness	160–550 MPa
CAS Number	7429-90-5
History
Naming	from alumine, obsolete name for alumina
Prediction	Antoine Lavoisier (1782)
Discovery	Hans Christian Ørsted (1824)
Named by	Humphry Davy (1812[a])
Isotopes of aluminium v e
Main isotopes[19] Decay abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct 26Al trace 7.17×105 y β+84% 26Mg ε[20]16% 26Mg γ – 27Al 100% stable
Category: Aluminium view talk edit | references

1. "Standard Atomic Weights: Tungsten". CIAAW. 1991.
2. Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
3. Berger, Dan. "Why does Tungsten not 'Kick' up an electron from the s sublevel ?". Bluffton College, USA.
4. Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.
5. Lide, David R., ed. (2009). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (90th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. p. 6-134. ISBN 978-1-4200-9084-0.
6. Tolias P. (2017). "Analytical expressions for thermophysical properties of solid and liquid tungsten relevant for fusion applications". Nuclear Materials and Energy. 13: 42–57. arXiv:1703.06302. Bibcode:2017arXiv170306302T. doi:10.1016/j.nme.2017.08.002. S2CID 99610871.
7. Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
8. Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds" (PDF). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0486-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-03-03.
9. Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. p. E110. ISBN 978-0-8493-0464-4.
10. "Tungsten". Royal Society of Chemistry. Royal Society of Chemistry. Retrieved May 2, 2020.
11. van der Krogt, Peter. "Wolframium Wolfram Tungsten". Elementymology& Elements Multidict. Archived from the original on 2010-01-23. Retrieved 2010-03-11.
12. "aluminum". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
13. "Standard Atomic Weights: Aluminium". CIAAW. 2017.
14. Zhang, Yiming; Evans, Julian R. G.; Yang, Shoufeng (2011). "Corrected Values for Boiling Points and Enthalpies of Vaporization of Elements in Handbooks". J. Chem. Eng. Data. 56 (2): 328–337. doi:10.1021/je1011086.
15. Unstable carbonyl of Al(0) has been detected in reaction of Al₂(CH₃)₆ with carbon monoxide; see Sanchez, Ramiro; Arrington, Caleb; Arrington Jr., C. A. (December 1, 1989). "Reaction of trimethylaluminum with carbon monoxide in low-temperature matrixes". American Chemical Society. 111 (25): 9110-9111. doi:10.1021/ja00207a023. OSTI 6973516.
16. Dohmeier, C.; Loos, D.; Schnöckel, H. (1996). "Aluminum(I) and Gallium(I) Compounds: Syntheses, Structures, and Reactions". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 35 (2): 129–149. doi:10.1002/anie.199601291.
17. Tyte, D. C. (1964). "Red (B2Π–A2σ) Band System of Aluminium Monoxide". Nature. 202 (4930): 383. Bibcode:1964Natur.202..383T. doi:10.1038/202383a0. S2CID 4163250.
18. Lide, D. R. (2000). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds" (PDF). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (81st ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 0849304814.
19. Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
20. Mougeot, X. (2019). "Towards high-precision calculation of electron capture decays". Applied Radiation and Isotopes. 154 (108884). doi:10.1016/j.apradiso.2019.108884.

1. Davy's 1812 written usage of the word aluminum was predated by other authors' usage of aluminium. However, Davy is often mentioned as the person who named the element; he was the first to coin a name for aluminium: he used alumium in 1808. Other authors did not accept that name, choosing aluminium instead. See below for more details.