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Context | Treaties to transfer large tracts of land from the First Nations to the Canadian Government in return for different promises laid out in the Treaty |
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Signed | Between 1871 - 1921 |
Signatories | Key Representatives of the British Crown: Adams George Archibald, Alexander Morris, David Laird, Duncan Campbell Scott, Wemyss Mackenzie Simpson, S.J Dawson, William J. Christie, James McKay, James MacLeod, James Hamilton Ross, J.A.J. McKenna, Samuel Stewart, Daniel G. MacMartin, Henry Anthony Conroy, |
Languages | English, |
Full text | |
Numbered Treaties at Wikisource |
Numbered Treaties | Signed On | Location | Major Treaty Signers | Those Effected | Brief Summary | ||
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Treaty 1 | August 1871 | Lower Fort Gary , Fort Alexander | Adams Archibald (Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba), Wemyss Simpson (Indian Commissioner) | Chippewa Tribe, Swampy Cree Tribe, and all Indians inhabiting the district hereafter. | First Nations Receive: Limited reserve land and monetary compensation, farming tools, education.
Canada Obtains: Land rights; promise of peace, law, and order, and restricted alcohol use on reserves | ||
Treaty 2 | August 1871 | Manitoba Post | Adams Archibald (Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba), Wemyss Simpson (Indian Commissioner) | Chippewa Tribe of Indians, and all Indians inhabiting the district hereafter. | First Nations Receive: Limited reserve land and monetary compensation; farming tools; education.
Canada Obtains: Land rights; promise of peace, law, and order, and restricted alcohol use on reserves | ||
Treaty 3 | October 1873 | North-West Angle of the Lake of the Woods | Alexander Morris (Lieutenant Governor), S.J Dawson (Indian Commissioner) | The Saulteaux Tribe of the Ojibbeway Indians and all Indians inhabiting the district hereafter. | First Nations Receive:Limited reserve land, and monetary compensation; farming tools; right to hunt and fish on succeeded land except that already used by Canada for resource extraction or settlement; schools on reserves.
Canada Obtains: Land rights; protection for land used for resource extraction or settlement from indigenous hunting/fishing, and restricted alcohol use on reserves | ||
Treaty 4 | September 1874 | Fort Qu'Appelle, Fort Ellice, Swan Lake, Fort Pelly, Fort Walsh | Alexander Morris (Lieutenant Governor), William J. Christie (Indian Commissioner) | The Cree and Saulteaux Tribes of Indians, and all Indians inhabiting the district hereafter. | First Nations Receive:Limited reserve land, and monetary compensation; farming tools; monetary allowance for gun powder, shot, bale, and fishing net twine totalling $750/year; right to hunt and fish on succeeded land except that already used by Canada for resource extraction or settlement; schools on reserves.
Canada Obtains: Land rights; protection for land used for resource extraction or settlement from indigenous hunting/fishing, and restricted alcohol use on reserves. | ||
Treaty 5 | September 1875 (adhesions in February 1889) | Beren's River, Norway House, Grand Rapids | Alexander Morris (Lieutenant Governor), James McKay (Indian Commissioner) | The Saulteaux and Swampy Cree Tribes of Indians, and all other Indians inhabiting the district hereafter. | First Nations Receive: Limited reserve land, and monetary compensation; farming tools; monetary allowance for gun powder, shot, bale, and fishing net twine totalling $300/year; right to hunt and fish on succeeded land except that already used by Canada for resource extraction or settlement; schools on reserves when desired by First Nations, and deemed appropriate by Canada.
Canada Obtains: Land rights; protection for land used for resource extraction or settlement from indigenous hunting/fishing; restricted alcohol use on reserves; and full control of schooling on reserves. | ||
Treaty 6 | August 28, 1876 (adhesion September 9, 1876, and February 1889) | Fort Carlton, Fort Pitt | Alexander Morris (Lieutenant Governor), James McKay (Indian Commissioner), William J. Christie (Indian Commissioner) | The Plain and Wood Cree Tribes of Indians, and all other Indians inhabiting the district hereafter. | First Nations Receive:Limited reserve land, and monetary compensation; farming tools; monetary allowance for gun powder, shot, bale, and fishing net twine totalling $1500/year; right to hunt and fish on succeeded land except that already used by Canada for resource extraction or settlement; schools on reserves when desired by First Nations, and deemed appropriate by Canada; medicine chest clause is implemented; additional assistance is available for pestilence or famine relief
Canada Obtains: Land rights; protection for land used for resource extraction or settlement from indigenous hunting/fishing; restricted alcohol use on reserves; control of healthcare on reserves through the medicine chest initiative. | ||
Treaty 7 | September 1877 | "Blackfoot Crossing" of the Bow River, Fort McLeod | David Laird (Government Official), James F. MacLeod (Indian Commissioner), | The Blackfoot, Blood, Piegan, Sarcee, Stony, and all other Indians inhabiting the district hereafter. | First Nations Receive:Limited reserve land, and monetary compensation; farming tools; monetary allowance for ammunitition totalling $2000/year; right to hunt and fish on succeeded land except that already used by Canada for resource extraction or settlement; have right to build and maintain infrastructure on reserves; salary is allocated to hire a school teacher for reserve school.
Canada Obtains: Land rights; protection for land used for resource extraction or settlement from indigenous hunting/fishing; restricted alcohol use on reserves. | ||
Treaty 8 | July 8 1899 (adhesions until 1901) | Lesser Slave Lake, Peace River Landing, Vermillion, Fond du Lac, Dunvegan, Fort Chipewyan, Smiths Landing, Fort McMurray, Wapiscow Lake | David Laird (Treaty Commissioner), J.H. Ross (Treaty Commissioner), J.A.J McKenna (Treaty Commissioner) | The Cree, Beaver, Chipewyan, and all other Indians inhabiting the district hereafter. | First Nations Receive:Limited reserve land, and monetary compensation; farming tools; monetary allowance for ammunition and fishing net twine totalling $1 per family head; right to hunt and fish on succeeded land except that already used by Canada for resource extraction or settlement; money is set aside to hire school teachers as needed.
Canada Obtains: Land rights; protection for land used for resource extraction or settlement from indigenous hunting/fishing; restricted alcohol use on reserves; ability to buy and sell aboriginal land with their consent. | ||
Treaty 9 | November 6, 1905 | Osnaburg, Fort Hope, Marten Falls, Fort Albany, Moose Factory, New Post, Abitibi, Matachewan, Mattagami, Flying Post, New Brunswick House, Long Lake | Duncan Campbell Scott (Treaty Commissioner), Samuel Stewart (Treaty Commissioner), Daniel G. MacMartin | The Ojibway, Cree, and all other Indians inhabiting the district hereafter. | First Nations Receive:Limited reserve land, and monetary compensation; farming tools; monetary allowance for ammunition and fishing net twine totalling $1 per family head; right to hunt and fish on succeeded land except that already used by Canada for resource extraction or settlement; funds to hire teachers, construct schools, and purchase supplies are available, but with Canada's authorization.
Canada Obtains: Land rights; protection for land used for resource extraction or settlement from indigenous hunting/fishing; restricted alcohol use on reserves; full control funds for education. | ||
Treaty 10 | November 7, 1906 | Isle à la Crosse, Lac du Brochet | J.A.J McKenna (Treaty Commissioner), | The Chipewyan, Cree, and all other Indians inhabiting the district hereafter. | First Nations Receive:Limited reserve land, and monetary compensation; farming tools; right to hunt and fish on succeeded land except that already used by Canada for resource extraction or settlement; unspecified amount of ammunition and twine distributed as government sees fit; provision for childhood education; furnishings for agricultural assistance
Canada Obtains: Land rights; protection for land used for resource extraction or settlement from indigenous hunting/fishing; restricted alcohol use on reserves; control of the allocation of ammunition and fishing twine, and the distribution of agricultural assistance. | ||
Treaty 11 | June 27, 1921 until August 22, 1921 (signed at various Forts within this period) | Northwest Territories Providence, Simpson, Wrigley, Norman, Good Hope, FINE Arctic Red River, McPherson, Liard, Rae | Duncan Campbell Scott (Governor General/Major Signer), Henry Anthony Conroy (Indian Commissioner) | The Slave, Dogrib, Loucheux, Hare, and other Indians, inhabitants of the territory within the limits hereinafter | First Nations Receive:
Limited reserve land, and monetary compensation; farming tools; right to hunt and fish on succeeded land except that already used by Canada for resource extraction or settlement; provision for childhood education; furnishings for agricultural assistance; have right to build and maintain infrastructure on reserves; provision for childhood education; each family receives 50$ annually for fishing twine and trapping; distribution of agricultural assistance possible. Canada Obtains: Land rights; protection for land used for resource extraction or settlement from indigenous hunting/fishing; restricted alcohol use on reserves; ability to buy and sell aboriginal land with permission; control of the allocation of ammunition and fishing twine, and the distribution of agricultural assistance. |
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(Is being expanded by Jack to include a more thorough summary of what the article is about)
The Numbered Treaties (or Post-Confederation Treaties) are a series of eleven treaties signed between the Aboriginal peoples in Canada (or First Nations) and the reigning monarch of Canada (Victoria, Edward VII or George V) from 1871 to 1921.[1] These agreements were created to allow the Canadian Government to pursue settlement and resource extraction in the affected regions, which include modern day Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Saskatchewan, and the Northwest Territories. These Treaties provided the Dominion of Canada large tracts of land in exchange for promises made to the First Nation people of the area.[2] In return for surrendering rights to traditional lands First Nations were promised reserve lands, annual annuity payments, farming implements, education allowances, the rights to hunt / trap / fish on their new reserve lands, etc. These terms were dependent on individual negotiations and so specific terms differed with each Treaty.
These Treaties came in two waves-- Numbers 1 through 7 from 1871-1877 and Numbers 9 through 11 from 1899-1921. In the first wave, the treaties were key in advancing European settlement across the Prairie regions as well as the development of the Canadian Pacific Railway. These signings completed John A. MacDonald’s national dream of connecting Canada from sea to sea. First Nations communities were forced into signing since aid was greatly needed due to rampant disease and the loss of the buffalo.[1] While in the second wave, resource extraction was the main motive for government officials. This is seen within Treaty 11 when oil was found in the Northwest Territory the year prior to the Treaties execution and Treaty 9 when the government ruled out hydro sights as reserve lands.[2]
Today, these agreements are upheld by the Government of Canada,[3] administered by Canadian Aboriginal law and overseen by the Minister of Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development.[4] However, the Numbered Treaties are criticized and are a leading issue within the fight for First Nation rights. The 1982 Constitution Act gave protection of First Nations and treaty rights under Section 35. It states, “Aboriginal and treaty rights are hereby recognized and affirmed”.[3] This phrase however was never fully defined. As a result, First Nations must attest their rights in court as the case in R v Sparrow.[4]
Through centuries of interaction First Nations view the Numbered Treaties as sacred.[6] As an expression of this association, First Nations in Canada and members of the Federal Government will regularly meet to celebrate milestone anniversaries, exchange ceremonial and symbolic gifts, and discuss treaty issues. Treaty Days are celebrated in Nova Scotia, Saskatchewan and Manitoba. In communities like that of Webequie First Nation it is a day to reaffirm First Nation rights and promises made to them as they should not be forgotten[5].