Tudḫaliya IV

This article is about the final "Tudhaliya" of the Hittite New Kingdom. For other kings of the same name, see Tudhaliya.

Tudḫaliya IV was a king of the Hittite Empire (New kingdom), and the younger son of Ḫattušili III. He reigned c. 1245–1215 BC (middle chronology)^[1] or c. 1237–1209 BC (short chronology). His mother was the great queen, Puduḫepa.

Tudḫaliya IV
Depiction of Tudḫaliya IV on a relief
King of the Hittites
Reign	c. 1245–1215 BC
Predecessor	Ḫattušili III
Successor	Arnuwanda III
Issue	Arnuwanda III Suppiluliuma II
Father	Ḫattušili III, son of Mursili II
Mother	Puduhepa
Religion	Hittite religion

Bronze tablet from Boğazköy containing the treaty between Tudḫaliya IV and Kurunta of Tarḫuntašša (1235 BC). Museum of Anatolian Civilizations

Early life

Tudḫaliya was likely born in his father's court in Ḫattuša, after his brother and crown prince Nerikkaili, but still while their father was governing on his brother Muwatalli II's behalf. He was a good friend of Muwatalli's son, Kurunta, and Ḫattušili ordered that they stay on good terms.

After Ḫattušili III as King wrote up a treaty with "Ulmi-Tessup" which confirmed Kurunta's rule over Tarḫuntašša, Ḫattušili elevated Tudḫaliya over his older brother to be his crown prince. Tudḫaliya as king drew up a bronze tablet treaty confirming the links between him and Kurunta.

Tudḫaliya had a sister, Maathorneferure, who served as Great Royal Wife to Pharaoh Ramesses II of Egypt.

Reign

The Hittite Empire covered large parts of Anatolia and Syria. Climate change set with drier conditions that caused a severe drought. Tudḫaliya IV responded by building at least 13 dams to secure water supplies, one of which still survives to this day at Alacahöyük.

In the East, Tudḫaliya IV faced the rival Assyrians. He suffered a severe defeat at the hands of Tukulti-Ninurta I of Assyria in the Battle of Nihriya, c. 1237 BC.

Seal of Tudḫaliya IV

Tudḫaliya, king of the Hittites, was reeling from defeat by the Assyrians at the Battle of Nihriya, refers to the Babylonian king as his equal, in his treaty with his vassal, Šaušgamuwa of Amurru, hinting at the possible existence of an alliance or at least a tacit understanding between them.^[2] It reads:

The kings who are equal to me (are) the king of Egypt, the king of Karanduniyaš (Babylon), the king of Assyria <and the king of Aḫḫiyawa>.
And if the king of Karanduniyaš is My Majesty's friend, he shall also be your friend; but if he is My Majesty's enemy, he shall also be your enemy.
Since the king of Assyria is My Majesty's enemy he shall also be your enemy.
Your merchant shall not enter into Assyria and you shall not allow his merchant into your land. He shall not pass through your land.
But if he enters into your land, you should seize him and send him off to My Majesty.^[3]

— Treaty between Tudḫaliya and Šaušgamuwa, Tablet A, column IV, lines 1-18 edited

In the Southwest, the empire had been divided with parts of the territory controlled by Kurunta of Tarḫuntašša.

A clay tablet (CTH 121), dating to the reign of Šuppiluliuma II, tells that a statue was set ut by Tudḫaliya IV to commemorate his conquest of the Land of Alasiya (Cyprus?).

Tudḫaliya IV had two sons, Arnuwanda III and Šuppiluliuma II, who are considered the final two kings of the Hittite Empire.

See also

• Asia portal

• History of the Hittites

References

1. Kuhrt, Amélie (2020). The Ancient Near East: c.3000–330 BC, Volume One. Routledge. p. 230. ISBN 978-1-136-75548-4.
2. Trevor Bryce (2005). The Kingdom of the Hittites. Oxford University Press. pp. 494, 318.
3. Itamar Singer (2003). "Treaties". In William W. Hallo (ed.). The Context of Scripture: Volume II: Monumental Inscriptions from the Biblical World. Brill. p. 99.

External links

• Reign of Tudhaliya IV

Regnal titles
Preceded by Ḫattušili III	Hittite king	Succeeded by Arnuwanda III

v t e Hittite New Kingdom royal family tree according to Trevor Bryce
Kantuzilli[lower-alpha 1] Tudhaliya I/II[lower-alpha 2] Nikkalmati[lower-alpha 3] Arnuwanda I[lower-alpha 3] Asmunikal[lower-alpha 3] Hattusili II?[lower-alpha 4] Tudhaliya III[lower-alpha 5] Daduhepa[lower-alpha 6] Zida[lower-alpha 7] Tudhaliya the Younger[lower-alpha 8] Henti[lower-alpha 7] (1) Šuppiluliuma I[lower-alpha 8] (2) Tawananna[lower-alpha 9] Arnuwanda II[lower-alpha 7] Telipinu[lower-alpha 10] Sarri-Kusuh[lower-alpha 11][lower-alpha 12] Zannanza[lower-alpha 13] Gassulawiya[lower-alpha 14] (1) Mursili II[lower-alpha 7] (2) Tanuhepa[lower-alpha 15] Talmi-Sarruma[lower-alpha 16] Sahurunuwa[lower-alpha 11][lower-alpha 17] Muwatalli II[lower-alpha 15] Halpasulupi[lower-alpha 18] Massanauzzi[lower-alpha 19] Hattusili III[lower-alpha 20] Puduhepa[lower-alpha 21] Ini-Tesub[lower-alpha 11][lower-alpha 22] Urhi-Tesub[lower-alpha 15] Kurunta[lower-alpha 23] Nerikkaili[lower-alpha 24] numerous daughters[lower-alpha 25] and sons[lower-alpha 26] Tudhaliya IV[lower-alpha 27] Talmi-Tesub[lower-alpha 11][lower-alpha 28] Arnuwanda III[lower-alpha 29] Suppiluliuma II[lower-alpha 29][lower-alpha 30] Kuzi-Tesub[lower-alpha 31]
(1) = 1st spouse (2) = 2nd spouse Small caps indicates a Great King (LUGAL.GAL) of the Land of Hatti; italic small caps indicates a Great Queen or Tawananna. Dashed lines indicate adoption. Solid lines indicate marriage (if horizontal) or parentage (if vertical).
References: Trevor Bryce (1997). The Kingdom of the Hittites. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press. Trevor Bryce (2005). The Kingdom of the Hittites (new edition). Oxford, England: Clarendon Press. Trevor Bryce (2012). The World of the Neo-Hittite Kingdoms. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. Jacques Freu (2007). Les débuts du nouvel empire hittite. Paris, France: L'Harmattan. Volkert Haas (2006). Die hethitische Literatur. Berlin, Germany: de Gruyter.
Notes: Scholars have suggested that Tudhaliya I/II was possibly a grandson of the Hittite king Huzziya II; the first Tudhaliya is now known to be the son of Kantuzzili (Bryce 1997, p. 131 suggested Himuili, but the new edition, Bryce 2005, p. 122, indicated Kantuzzili). Bryce (1997) does not consider it clear whether Tudhaliya I/II was one king or two (p. 133); the link points to Tudhaliya II. Among those who identify distinct kings Tudhaliya I and Tudhaliya II, Freu (2007) has Kantuzzili—his son Tudhaliya I—his son Hattusili II—his son Tudhaliya II (p. 311). Bryce (1997), p. 139. The existence of Hattusili II is doubted by many scholars (Bryce 1997, pp. 153–154; Bryce 2005, p. 141). Among those who accept the existence of Hattusili II, Freu (2007), p. 311, has Tudhaliya I—his son Hattusili II—his son Tudhaliya II. Bryce (1997), p. 158. Bryce (1997), p. 172. Bryce (1997), p. 174. Bryce (1997), p. 168. Also known as Malnigal; daughter of Burnaburias II of Babylonia (Bryce 1997, p. 173). ‘Great priest’ in Kizzuwadna and king (lugal) of Aleppo (Bryce 1997, p. 174). King (lugal) of Carchemish. Bryce (1997), pp. 174, 203–204. Zannanza died on his way to Egypt to marry a pharaoh's widow, probably Ankhesenpaaten, the widow of Tutankhamun (Bryce 1997, pp. 196–198). Bryce (1997), p. 227. Bryce (1997), p. 230. Bryce (1997), p. 220. Bryce (1997), p. 222. Haas (2006), p. 91. Massanauzzi married Masturi, king of the Seha River Land (Bryce 1997, p. 313). Bryce (1997), p. 296. Puduhepa was the daughter of the Kizzuwadnan priest Pentipsarri (Bryce 1997, p. 273). Bryce (1997), pp. 346, 363. King (lugal) of Tarhuntassa (Bryce 1997, p. 296); apparently later Great King of Hatti (Bryce 1997, p. 354). Nerikkaili married a daughter of Bentesina, king of Amurru (Bryce 1997, p. 294). Two daughters of Hattusili III were married to the pharaoh Ramesses II; one was given the Egyptian name Ma(hor)nefrure. Another, Gassuwaliya, married into the royal house of Amurru. Kilushepa was married to a king of Isuwa. A daughter married into the royal family of Babylon. A sister of Tudhaliya IV married Sausgamuwa, king of Amurru after his father Bentesina. From Bryce (1997), pp. 294 and 312. Bryce (1997), p. 332. Bryce (1997), p. 363. Tudhaliya IV probably married a Babylonian princess, known by her title of Great Princess (dumu.sal gal) (Bryce 1997, pp. 294, 331). Bryce (1997), p. 363. Bryce (1997), p. 361. Last documented Great King of the Land of Hatti. King and then Great King of Carchemish (Bryce 1997, pp. 384–385).

v t e Hittite New Kingdom royal family tree according to Jacques Freu
Kantuzzili,[lower-alpha 1] m. Walanni, perhaps daughter of Zidanta II [lower-alpha 2] TUDḪALIYA I (c.1465–1440 BC),[lower-alpha 3] m. Kattešḫapi (?) [lower-alpha 4] ḪATTUŠILI II (c.1440–1425 BC),[lower-alpha 5] m. Ašmu-Ḫeba (?) [lower-alpha 6] TUDḪALIYA II (c.1425–1390 BC),[lower-alpha 7] m. Nikkal-mati [lower-alpha 8] Ašmu-Nikkal,[lower-alpha 9] m. ARNUWANDA I (c.1390–1370 BC) [lower-alpha 10] TUDḪALIYA III/Tašmi-Šarri (c.1370–1350 BC),[lower-alpha 11] m. (1) Šatandu-Ḫeba; (=?) (2) Tadu-Ḫeba [lower-alpha 12] Tulpi-Teššub the Younger [lower-alpha 13] Tudḫaliya the Younger d.c.1350 BC [lower-alpha 14] Ḫenti,[lower-alpha 15] m. ŠUPPILULIUMA I (c.1350–1319 BC),[lower-alpha 16] who m. (2) Tawananna (Malnigal) of Babylon [lower-alpha 17] ARNUWANDA II (c.1319–1318 BC) [lower-alpha 18] Telipinu, Priest of Kizzuwatna, then vassal king of Aleppo, left descendants [lower-alpha 19] Piyaššili/Šarri-Kušuḫ, vassal king of Carchemish, left descendants [lower-alpha 20] Zannanza,[lower-alpha 21] betrothed to Ankhesenamun (?) [lower-alpha 22] MURŠILI II (c.1318–1295 BC),[lower-alpha 23] m. (1) Gaššulawiya;[lower-alpha 24] (2) Danu-Ḫeba [lower-alpha 25] Ḫalpašulupi [lower-alpha 26] MUWATALLI II (c.1295–1272 BC) [lower-alpha 27] MURŠILI III/Urḫi-Teššub (c.1272–1265 BC) [lower-alpha 28] Kurunta/Ulmi-Teššub, vassal king of Tarḫuntašša, left descendants [lower-alpha 29] Maššanauzzi,[lower-alpha 30] m. King Mašturi of the Šeḫa River Land [lower-alpha 31] ḪATTUŠILI III (c.1265–1240 BC),[lower-alpha 32] m. Pudu-Ḫeba [lower-alpha 33] Nerikkaili,[lower-alpha 34] m. daughter of King Bentešina of Amurru [lower-alpha 35] Ḫuzziya [lower-alpha 36] TUDḪALIYA IV/Tašmi-Šarruma (c.1240–1215 BC) [lower-alpha 37] ARNUWANDA III (c.1215–1210 BC) [lower-alpha 38] ŠUPPILULIUMA II (c.1210–1185 BC) [lower-alpha 39] TUDḪALIYA V (?) [lower-alpha 40] Eḫli-Nikkal, m. King Ammurapi of Ugarit [lower-alpha 41] Ḫannuti [lower-alpha 42] Ḫešni [lower-alpha 43] Kurakura [lower-alpha 44] Ḫišmi-Šarruma [lower-alpha 45] Maathorneferure,[lower-alpha 46] m. King Ramesses II of Egypt [lower-alpha 47] Unknown, m. King Ramesses II of Egypt [lower-alpha 48] Gaššulawiya,[lower-alpha 49] m. King Bentešina of Amurru [lower-alpha 50] Kiluš-Ḫeba,[lower-alpha 51] m. King Ari-Šarruma of Išuwa [lower-alpha 52] Muwatti, m. King Mašḫuiluwa of Mira-Kuwaliya [lower-alpha 53] Unknown, m. King Šattiwaza of Mittani [lower-alpha 54] Kantuzzili, Priest of Kizzuwatna [lower-alpha 55] Pariyawatra [lower-alpha 56] Mannini [lower-alpha 57] Tulpi-Teššub [lower-alpha 58] Ašmi-Šarruma Ziplantawiya, Queen, [lower-alpha 59] m. Unknown Attāi [lower-alpha 60] A detailed and annotated genealogy of Hittite New Kingdom monarchs and their families, as reconstructed by Jacques Freu in his multi-volume work Les Hittites et leur histoire, presented as an alternative to the less detailed and sometimes differing reconstruction based on Trevor Bryce, The Kingdom of the Hittites.
References: Freu, Jacques, and Michel Mazoyer (2007b), Les débuts du nouvel empire hittite, Paris. Freu, Jacques, and Michel Mazoyer (2008), L'apogée du nouvel empire hittite, Paris. Freu, Jacques, and Michel Mazoyer (2010), Le déclin et la chute du nouvel empire hittite, Paris. Freu, Jacques (2010–2011), "Le vase d'argent du musée des civilisations anatoliennes d'Ankara et la fin de l'empire hittite," Talanta 42–43 (2010–2011) 185-192.
Notes: Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 24, 34, 45. Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 24. Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 24, 34, 45. Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 63-68. Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 68. Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 97. Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 76. Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 96. Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 96-99. Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 96-99. Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 155. Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 161-162, considering the two names variants, referring to the same queen. Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 155-156, additionally suggesting to identify him with Tudḫaliya the Younger. Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 199-200. Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 199-201. Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 198-201. Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 257. Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 211. Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 211, 273, 276. Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 275. Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 278, 284. Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 284. Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 19. Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 62-65. Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 65-67. Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 87. Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 87. Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 128-129, 153. Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 165-169. Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 87. Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 130, 222. Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 87, 163. Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 149-150. Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 164, 201. Freu & Mazoyer 2010: 65. Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 165, 201-203. Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 166, 201; Freu & Mazoyer 2010: 20-21, rejecting the alternative reading "Ḫišmi-Šarruma." Freu & Mazoyer 2010: 177-178. Freu & Mazoyer 2010: 178-180. Freu 2010–2011: 190-191. Freu 2010: 189. Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 166, 201-202. Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 166, 201, 203-204. Freu & Mazoyer 2010: 66. Freu & Mazoyer 2010: 67-68. Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 166, 239. Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 166, 239. Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 166, 240-241. Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 166, 210. Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 166, 210. Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 166. Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 166; Freu & Mazoyer 2010: 67. Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 69. Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 289. Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 148-149. Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 148. Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 148. Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 148. Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 96-98. Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 97.