Treaty of Huế (1884)
1884 treaty establishing French colonial rule in Vietnam / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Treaty of Huế or Protectorate Treaty (Vietnamese: Hòa ước Giáp Thân 1884, or Hòa ước Patenotre) was concluded on 6 June 1884 between France and Đại Nam (Vietnam/Nguyễn dynasty). It restated the main tenets of the punitive Harmand Treaty of 25 August 1883, but softened some of the harsher provisions of this treaty. The treaty created the protectorates of Annam (central Vietnam) and Tonkin (northern Vietnam), and a colony in southern Vietnam. It formed the basis of French colonial rule in Vietnam during the next seven decades and was negotiated by Jules Patenôtre, France's minister to China; it is often known as the Patenôtre Treaty. The treaty was signed on the Vietnamese side by Phạm Thận Duật and Tôn Thất Phan, representatives of the emperor Tự Đức’s court. The treaty marked the Nguyễn dynasty's second acceptance of French protectorate in central and northern Vietnam, but it was canceled by the Nguyễn dynasty on 11 March 1945.
Type | Protectorate treaty |
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Context | France establishes two protectorates over the Nguyễn dynasty. |
Signed | June 6, 1884 (1884-06-06) |
Location | Huế, Đại Nam |
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Despite the government of the Nguyễn dynasty canceling the treaty in 1945 the French didn't recognise the end of the protectorate until the signing of the Élysée Accords on 9 March 1949 which officially transferred sovereignty over Vietnam to former emperor Bảo Đại and the Provisional Central Government of Vietnam.[1] The formal end of the Patenôtre Treaty was proclaimed during a ceremony at the Saigon-Cholon City Hall attended by the high commissioner of French Indochina Léon Pignon, Chief of State Emperor Bảo Đại, and delegates of the government of the State of Vietnam.[1] During this ceremony Pignon officially renounced French sovereignty over Vietnam and recognised the independence of the State of Vietnam within the French Union.[1]