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List of amendments of the Constitution of India

Types of amendments From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

As of Februrary 2025, there have been 106[1] amendments of the Constitution of India since it was first enacted in 1950.[2]

The Indian Constitution is the most amended national constitution in the world.[3] The Constitution spells out governmental powers with so much detail that many matters addressed by statute in other democracies must be addressed via constitutional amendment in India. As a result, the Constitution is amended roughly twice a year.

There are three types of amendments to the Constitution of India of which the second and third types of amendments are governed by Article 368.

  • The first type of amendment must be passed by a "simple majority" in each house of the Parliament of India.
  • The second type of amendment must be passed by a prescribed "special majority" of each house of Parliament; and
  • The third type of amendment must be passed by a "special majority" in each house of Parliament and ratified by at least one half of the State Legislatures. Examples of the third type of amendment include amendments No. 3, 6, 7, 8, 13, 14, 15, 16, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28, 30, 31, 32, 35, 36, 38, 39, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 51, 54, 61, 62, 70, 73, 74, 75, 79, 84, 88, 95, 99, 101 and 104.[4]

List of amendments

Summarize
Perspective
More information No., Amendments ...
No.AmendmentsEnforced sinceObjectivesPrime Minister President
1st15, 19, 85, 87, 174, 176, 341, 342, 372 and 376.
Insert articles 31A and 31B.
Insert schedule 9.[5]		18 June 1951[6] Added special provision for the advancement of any socially and educationally[7] backward classes or for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (SCs and STs). To fully secure the constitutional validity of zamindari abolition laws and to place reasonable restrictions on freedom of speech. A new constitutional device, called Schedule 9, introduced to protect against laws that are contrary to constitutionally guaranteed fundamental rights. These laws encroach upon property rights, freedom of speech and equality before law. Jawaharlal Nehru Rajendra Prasad
2ndAmend article 81(1)(b).[8]2 May 1953 Removed the upper population limit for a parliamentary constituency by amending Article 81(1)(b).
3rdAmend schedule 7.[9]22 February 1955 Re-enacted entry 33 of the Concurrent List in the Seventh Schedule with relation to include trade and commerce in, and the production, supply and distribution of four classes of essential commodities, viz., foodstuffs, including edible oil seeds and oils; cattle fodder, including oilcakes and other concentrates; raw cotton whether ginned or unginned, and cotton seeds; and raw jute.
4thAmend articles 31, 31A, and 305.
Amend schedule 9.[10]		27 April 1955 Restrictions on property rights and inclusion of related bills in Schedule 9.
5thAmend article 3.[11]24 December 1955 Empowered the President to prescribe a time limit for a State Legislature to convey its views on proposed Central laws relating to the formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing States. Also permitted the President to extend the prescribed limit.
6thAmend articles 269 and 286.
Amend schedule 7.[12]		11 September 1956 Amend the Union List and State List with respect to raising of taxes.
7thAmend articles 1, 3, 49, 80, 81, 82, 131, 153, 158, 168, 170, 171, 216, 217, 220, 222, 224, 230, 231 and 232.
Insert articles 258A, 290A, 298, 350A, 350B, 371, 372A and 378A.
Amend part 8.
Amend schedules 1, 2, 4 and 7.[13]		1 November 1956 Reorganisation of states on linguistic lines, abolition of Class A, B, C, D states and introduction of Union territories.
8thAmend article 334.[14]5 January 1960 Extended the period of reservation of seats for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and Anglo-Indians in the Lok Sabha and the State Legislative Assemblies till 1970.
9thAmend schedule 1.[15]28 December 1960 Minor adjustments to territory of Indian Union consequent to agreement with Pakistan for settlement of disputes by demarcation of border villages, etc.
10thAmend article 240.
Amend schedule 1.[16]		11 August 1961 Incorporation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli as a Union Territory, consequent to acquisition from Portugal.
11thAmend articles 66 and 71.[17]19 December 1961 Election of Vice President by Electoral College consisting of members of both Houses of Parliament, instead of election by a Joint Sitting of Parliament. Indemnify the President and Vice President Election procedure from challenge on grounds of existence of any vacancies in the electoral college.
12thAmend article 240.
Amend schedule 1.[18]		20 December 1961 Incorporation of Goa, Daman and Diu as a Union Territory, consequent to acquisition from Portugal.
13thAmend article 170.
Insert new article 371A.[19]		1 December 1962 Special protection under Article 371A for newly create State of Nagaland. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
14thAmend articles 81 and 240.
Insert article 239A.
Amend schedules 1 and 4.[20]		28 December 1962 Incorporation of atalsingh into the Union of India and creation of Legislative Assemblies for Himachal Pradesh, Tripura, Manipur and Goa.
15thAmend articles 124, 128, 217, 222, 224, 226, 297, 311 and 316.
Insert article 224A.
Amend schedule 7.[21]		5 October 1963 Raise retirement age of High Court judges from 60 to 62 and other minor amendments for rationalising interpretation of rules regarding judges etc.
16thAmend articles 19, 84 and 173.
Amend schedule 3.[22]		5 October 1963 Make it obligatory for seekers of public office to swear their allegiance to the Indian Republic and prescribe the various obligatory templates.
17thAmend article 31A.
Amend schedule 9.[23]		20 June 1964 To secure the constitutional validity of acquisition of Estates and place land acquisition laws in Schedule 9 of the constitution.
18thAmend article 3.[24]27 August 1966 Technical Amendment to include Union Territories in Article 3 and hence permit reorganisation of Union Territories. Lal Bahadur Shastri
19thAmend article 324.[25]11 December 1966 Abolish Election Tribunals and enable trial of election petitions by regular High Courts.
20thInsert article 233A.[26]22 December 1966 Indemnify & validate judgments, decrees, orders and sentences passed by judges and to validate the appointment, posting, promotion and transfer of judges barring a few who were not eligible for appointment under article 233. Amendment needed to overcome the effect of judgment invalidating appointments of certain judges in the state of Uttar Pradesh.
21stAmend schedule 8.[27]10 April 1967 Include Sindhi as an official language. Indira Gandhi
22ndAmend article 275.
Insert articles 244A and 371B.[28]		25 September 1969 Provision to form Autonomous states within the State of Assam. V. V. Giri
23rdAmend articles 330, 332, 333 and 334.[29]23 January 1970 Discontinued reservation of seats for the Scheduled Tribes in Nagaland, both in the Lok Sabha and the State Legislative Assembly and stipulated that not more than one Anglo-Indian could be nominated by the Governor to any State Legislative Assembly. Extend reservation for SCs and STs and Anglo-Indian members in the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies for another ten years, i.e. up to 1980.
24thAmend articles 13 and 368.[30]5 November 1971 Article 13(4) added. Enable Parliament to dilute Fundamental Rights through amendments to the Constitution.

It was made compulsory for the President to give consent to the Constitution Amendment Bill.

25thAmend article 31.
Insert article 31C.[31]		8 December 1971 Restrict property rights and compensation in case the state takes over private property.

However, the Supreme Court quashed a part of Article 31C (4) to the extent it took away the power of judicial review. This was done in the landmark case of Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973) 4 SCC 225 which for the first time enunciated the Basic structure doctrine.

26thAmend article 366.
Insert article 363A.
Remove articles 291 and 362.[32]		28 December 1971 Abolition of privy purse paid to former rulers of princely states which were incorporated into the Indian Republic.
27thAmend articles 239A and 240.
Insert articles 239B and 371C.[33]		(i)30 December 1971 & (ii) 15 February 1972[6] Reorganisation of Mizoram into a Union Territory with a legislature and council of ministers.
28thInsert article 312A.
Remove article 314.[34]		29 August 1972 Rationalise Civil Service rules to make it uniform across those appointed prior to Independence and post Independence.
29thAmend schedule 9.[35]9 June 1972 'Kerala land reform acts' and amendments to these act placed under Schedule 9 of the constitution.
30thAmend article 133.[36]9 June 1972 Change the basis for appeals in Supreme Court of India in case of Civil Suits from value criteria to one involving substantial question of law.
31stAmend articles 81, 330 and 332.[37]17 October 1973 Increase size of Parliament from 525 to 545 seats. Increased seats going to the new states formed in North East India and minor adjustment consequent to 1971 Delimitation exercise.
32ndAmend article 371.
Insert articles 371D and 371E.
Amend schedule 7.[38]		1 July 1974 Protection of regional rights in Telangana and Andhra regions of State of Andhra Pradesh.

Supreme Court in P. Sambamurthy v. State of Andhra Pradesh 1987 SCC (1) 362 held clause (3) and (5) along with its Proviso of Article 371D as unconstitutional and void. It was found to be violative of basic structure doctrine, against the concept of justice and the principle of the rule of law.[39]

33rdAmend articles 101 and 190.[40]19 May 1974 Prescribes procedure for resignation by members of parliament and state legislatures and the procedure for verification and acceptance of resignation by house speaker.
34thAmend schedule 9.[41]7 September 1974 Place land reform acts and amendments to these act under Schedule 9 of the constitution. Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed
35thAmend articles 80 and 81.
Insert article 2A.
Insert schedule 10.[42]		1 March 1975 Terms and Conditions for the Incorporation of Sikkim into the Union of India.
36thAmend articles 80 and 81.
Insert article 371F.
Remove article 2A.
Amend schedules 1 and 4.
Remove schedule 10.[43]		26 April 1975 Formation of Sikkim as a State within the Indian Union.
37thAmend articles 239A and 240.[44]3 May 1975 Formation of Arunachal Pradesh legislative assembly.
38thAmend articles 123, 213, 239B, 352, 356, 359 and 360.[45]1 August 1975 Enhances the powers of President and Governors to pass ordinances.
39thAmend articles 71 and 329.
Insert article 329A.
Amend schedule 9.[46]		10 August 1975 Amendment designed to negate the judgement of Allahabad HC in State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain 1975 SCR (3) 333 invalidating PM Indira Gandhi's election to parliament. Amendment placed restrictions on judicial scrutiny of post of Prime Minister.[47] Irrespective of electoral malpractice, no case can be filed against president, vice president, speaker of lok sabha and prime minister.

Later, clauses (4) and (5) of Article 329A were struck down by the Supreme Court in Indira Nehru Gandhi v. Raj Narain 1976 (2) SCR 347, for being in violation of basic structure.

40thAmend article 297.
Amend schedule 9.[48]		27 May 1976 Enable Parliament to make laws with respect to Exclusive Economic Zone and vest the mineral wealth with Union of India.

Place land reform & other acts and amendments to these act under Schedule 9 of the constitution.

41stAmend article 316.[49]7 September 1976 Raise Retirement Age Limit of Chairmen and Members of Joint Public Service Commissions and State Public Service Commissions from sixty to sixty two. No case can be filed against prime minister, governor, president, even after they demit office (which was later struck down by supreme court)
42ndAmend articles 31, 31C, 39, 55, 74, 77, 81, 82, 83, 100, 102, 103, 105, 118, 145, 150, 166, 170, 172, 189, 191, 192, 194, 208, 217, 225, 226, 227, 228, 311, 312, 330, 352, 353, 356, 357, 358, 359, 366, 368 and 371F.
Insert articles 31D, 32A, 39A, 43A, 48A, 131A, 139A, 144A, 226A, 228A and 257A.
Insert parts 4A and 14A.
Amend schedule 7.[50]		3 January, 1 February & 1 April 1977[6] Amendment passed during internal emergency by Indira Gandhi. Provides for curtailment of fundamental rights, imposes fundamental duties and changes to the basic structure of the constitution by making India a "Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic".

However, the Supreme Court, in Minerva Mills v. Union of India 1980 SCC (3) 625, quashed the amendments to Articles 31C and 368 as it was in contravention with the basic structure of the Constitution.

43rdAmend articles 145, 226, 228 and 366.
Remove articles 31D, 32A, 131A, 144A, 226A and 228A.[51]		13 April 1978 Amendment passed after revocation of internal emergency in the Country. Repeals some of the more 'Anti-Freedom' amendments enacted through Amendment Bill 42. Morarji Desai Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
44thAmend articles 19, 22, 30, 31A, 31C, 38, 71, 74, 77, 83, 103, 105, 123, 132, 133, 134, 139A, 150, 166, 172, 192, 194, 213, 217, 225, 226, 227, 239B, 329, 352, 356, 358, 359, 360 and 371F.
Insert articles 134A and 361A.
Remove articles 31, 257A and 329A.
Amend part 12.
Amend schedule 9.[52]		20 June, 1 August & 6 September 1979[6] Amendment passed after revocation of internal emergency in the Country.

Article 19(1)(f) right to property was omitted. Provides for human rights safeguards and mechanisms to prevent abuse of executive and legislative authority. Annuls some Amendments enacted in Amendment Bill 42.

45thAmend article 334.[53]25 January 1980 Extend reservation for SCs and STs and nomination of Anglo Indian members in Parliament and State Assemblies for another ten years i.e. up to 1990. Indira Gandhi
46thAmend articles 269, 286 and 366.
Amend schedule 7.[54]		2 February 1983 Amendment to negate judicial pronouncements on scope and applicability on Sales Tax. Zail Singh
47thAmend schedule 9.[55]26 August 1984 Place land reform acts and amendments to these act under Schedule 9 of the constitution.
48thAmend article 356.[56]1 April 1985 Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to two years in the state of Punjab.
49thAmend article 244.
Amend schedules 5 and 6.[57]		11 September 1984 Recognise Tripura as a tribal state and enable the creation of a Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council.
50thAmend article 33.[58]11 September 1984 Technical Amendment to curtailment of Fundamental Rights as per Part III as prescribed in Article 33 to cover Security Personnel protecting property and communication infrastructure.
51stAmend articles 330 and 332.[59]16 June 1986 Provide reservation to Scheduled Tribes in Nagaland, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh in Loksabha, similarly for Meghalaya and Arunachal in their Legislative Assemblies.
52ndAmend articles 101, 102, 190 and 191.
Insert schedule 10.[60]		1 March 1985 Anti Defection Law – Provide disqualification of members from parliament and assembly in case of defection from one party to other.

However, para 7 of the 10th Schedule was struck down by the Supreme Court in the case of Kihoto Hollohan v. Zachillhu 1992 SCR (1) 686, for being in contravention with Article 368 of the Constitution.

 Rajiv Gandhi
53rdInsert article 371G.[61]20 February 1986 Special provision with respect to the State of Mizoram.
54thAmend articles 125 and 221.
Amend schedule 2.[62]		1 April 1986 Increase the salary of Chief Justice of India & other Judges and to provide for determining future increases without the need for constitutional amendment.
55thInsert article 371H.[63]20 February 1987 Special powers to Governor consequent to formation of state of Arunachal Pradesh.
56thInsert article 371I.[64]30 May 1987 Transition provision to enable formation of state of Goa.
57thAmend article 332.[65]21 September 1987 Provide reservation to Scheduled Tribes in Nagaland, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assemblies. R. Venkataraman
58thInsert article 394A.
Amend part 22.[66]		9 December 1987 Provision to publish authentic Hindi translation of constitution as on date and provision to publish authentic Hindi translation of future amendments.
59thAmend article 356.
Insert article 359A.[67]		30 March 1988 Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to three years in the state of Punjab, Articles 352 and Article 359A amended to permit imposing emergency in state of Punjab or in specific districts of the state of Punjab.
60thAmend article 276.[68]20 December 1988 Profession Tax increased from a maximum of Rs. 250/- to a maximum of Rs. 2500/-.
61stAmend article 326.[69]28 March 1989 Reduce age for voting rights from 21 to 18.
62ndAmend article 334.[70]25 January 1990 Extend reservation for SCs and STs and nomination of Anglo Indian members in Parliament and State Assemblies for another ten years i.e. up to 2000. V. P. Singh
63rdAmend article 356.
Remove article 359A.[71]		6 January 1990 Emergency powers applicable to State of Punjab, accorded in Article 359A as per amendment 59 repealed.
64thAmend article 356.[72]16 April 1990 Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to three years and six months in the state of Punjab.
65thAmend article 338.[73]12 March 1992[6] National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes formed and its statutory powers specified in The Constitution.
66thAmend schedule 9.[74]7 June 1990 Place land reform acts and amendments to these act under Schedule 9 of the constitution.
67thAmend article 356.[75]4 October 1990 Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to four years in the state of Punjab.
68thAmend article 356.[76]12 March 1991 Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to five years in the state of Punjab. Chandra Shekhar
69thInsert articles 239AA and 239AB.[77]1 February 1992[6] To provide for a legislative assembly and council of ministers for National Capital Territory of Delhi. Delhi continues to be a Union Territory. P. V. Narasimha Rao
70thAmend articles 54 and 239AA.[78]21 December 1991 Include National Capital Territory of Delhi and Union Territory of Pondicherry in Electoral College for presidential election.
71stAmend schedule 8.[79]31 August 1992 Include Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali as official languages. Shankar Dayal Sharma
72ndAmend article 332.[80]5 December 1992 Provide reservation to Scheduled Tribes in Tripura State Legislative Assembly.
73rdInsert part 9. Insert schedule 11.[81]24 April 1992 Statutory provisions for Panchyat Raj as third level of administration in villages.
74thInsert part 9A, insert schedule 12, amend article 280.[82]1 June 1992 Statutory provisions for Local Administrative bodies as third level of administration in urban areas such as towns and cities.
75thAmend article 323B.[83]15 May 1994 Provisions for setting up Rent Control Tribunals.
76thAmend schedule 9.[84]31 August 1994 Enable continuance of 69% reservation in Tamil Nadu by including the relevant Tamil Nadu Act under 9th Schedule of the constitution.
77thAmend article 16.[85]17 June 1995 A technical amendment to protect reservation to SCs and STs Employees in promotions.
78thAmend schedule 9.[86]30 August 1995 Place land reform acts and amendments to these act under Schedule 9 of the constitution.
79thAmend article 334.[87]25 January 2000 Extend reservation for SCs and STs and nomination of Anglo Indian members in Parliament and State Assemblies for another ten years i.e. up to 2010. Atal Bihari Vajpayee K. R. Narayanan
80thAmend articles 269 and 270.
Remove article 272.[88]		9 June 2000 Implement Tenth Finance Commission recommendation to simplify the tax structures by pooling and sharing all taxes between states and the centre.
81stAmend article 16.[89]9 June 2000 Protect SCs and STs reservation in filling backlog of vacancies.
82ndAmend article 335.[90]8 September 2000 Permit relaxation of qualifying marks and other criteria in reservation in promotion for SCs and STs candidates.
83rdAmend article 243M.[91]8 September 2000 Exempt Arunachal Pradesh from reservation for Scheduled Castes in Panchayati Raj institutions.
84thAmend articles 55, 81, 82, 170, 330 and 332.[92]21 February 2002 Extend the usage of 1971 national census population figures for statewise distribution of parliamentary seats.
85thAmend article 16.[93]4 January 2002 A technical amendment to protect Consequential seniority in case of promotions of SCs and STs Employees.
86thAmend articles 45 and 51A.
Insert article 21A.[94]		12 December 2002 Provides Right to Education until the age of fourteen. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
87thAmend articles 81, 82, 170 and 330.[95]22 June 2003 Extend the usage of 2001 national census population figures for statewise distribution of parliamentary seats.
88thAmend article 270.
Insert article 268A.
Amend schedule 7.[96]		15 January 2004 To extend statutory cover for levy and utilisation of Service Tax.
89thAmend article 338.
Insert article 338A.[97]		28 September 2003 The National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes was bifurcated into The National Commission for Scheduled Castes and The National Commission for Scheduled Tribes.
90thAmend article 332.[98]28 September 2003 Reservation in Assam Assembly relating to Bodoland Territory Area.
91stAmend articles 75 and 164.
Insert article 361B.
Amend schedule 10.[99]		1 January 2004 Restrict the size of council of ministers to 15% of legislative members & to strengthen Anti Defection laws.
92nd Amend schedule 8.[100] 7 January 2004 Include Bodo, Dogri, Santali and Mathili as official languages.
93rd Amend article 15.[101] 20 January 2006 To enable provision of reservation (27%) for Other Backward Class(OBCs) in government as well as private educational institutions. Manmohan Singh
94th Amend article 164.[102] 12 June 2006 To provide for a Minister of Tribal Welfare in newly created Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh States including Madhya Pradesh and Odisha.
95th Amend article 334.[103] 25 January 2010 To extend reservation for SCs and STs and nomination of Anglo Indian members in Parliament and State Assemblies for another ten years i.e. up to 2020. Pratibha Patil
96th Amend schedule 8.[104] 23 September 2011 Substituted "Odia" in the place of "Oriya".
97th Amend Art 19 and added Art 43B and Part IXB.[105] 12 January 2012 Added the words "or co-operative societies" after the word "or unions" in Article 19(l)(c) and insertion of article 43B i.e., Promotion of Co-operative Societies and added Part-IXB i.e., The Co-operative Societies. In July 2021 Supreme Court Struck Part of the amendment as it was not ratified by the states.[106]

The amendment objective is to encourage economic activities of cooperatives which in turn help progress of rural India. It is expected to not only ensure autonomous and democratic functioning of cooperatives, but also the accountability of the management to the members and other stakeholders.[107]

98th To insert Article 371J in the Constitution[108] 1 January 2013 To empower the Governor of Karnataka to take steps to develop the Hyderabad-Karnataka Region.[108] Pranab Mukherjee
99th Insertion of new articles 124A, 124B and 124C. Amendments to Articles 127, 128, 217, 222, 224A, 231.[109] 13 April 2015[110] Struck down on 16 October 2015 Formation of a National Judicial Appointments Commission. 16 State assemblies out of 29 States including Goa, Rajasthan, Tripura, Gujarat and Telangana ratified the Central Legislation, enabling the President of India to give assent to the bill.[111] The amendment was struck down by the Supreme Court on 16 October 2015. Narendra Modi
100th Amendment of First Schedule to Constitution[112] 31 July 2015 Exchange of certain enclave territories with Bangladesh and conferment of citizenship rights to residents of enclaves consequent to signing of Land Boundary Agreement (LBA) Treaty between India and Bangladesh.
101st Addition of articles 246A, 269A, 279A. Deletion of Article 268A.

Amendment of articles 248, 249, 250, 268, 269, 270, 271, 286, 366, 368, Sixth Schedule, Seventh Schedule.[113]

 1 July 2017 Introduced the Goods and Services Tax.
102nd Addition of articles 338B, 342A, and Added Clause 26C.

Modification of articles 338, 366.[114]

 11 August 2018 Constitutional status to National Commission for Backward Classes Ram Nath Kovind
103rd Amendment to Article 15, added Clause [6],

Amendment to Article 16, added Clause [6].[115]

 12 January 2019 A maximum of 10% Reservation for Economically Weaker Sections (EWSs) of citizens of classes other than the classes mentioned in clauses (4) and (5) of Article 15, i.e. Classes other than socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes. Inserted Clause [6] under Article 15 as well as Inserted Clause [6] under Article 16.
104th Amend article 334.[116] 25 January 2020 To extend the reservation of seats for SCs and STs in the Lok Sabha and states assemblies for another 10 years i.e. up to 2030. Removed the reserved seats for the Anglo-Indian community in the Lok Sabha and state assemblies by not extending it further.[117]
105th Amended Article 338B, 342A and 366[118] 10 August 2021 To restore the power of the state governments to identify Other Backward Classes (OBCs) that are socially and educationally backward. This amendment annulled the Supreme Court judgement of 11 May 2021, which had empowered only the Central government for such identification.[119]
106th Amended article 239AA.

Insertion of articles 330A, 332A, 334A.

 28 September 2023[120] To reserve one-third of the seats in the Lok Sabha(330A), state legislative assemblies(332A) and Delhi Legislative Assembly(239AA) for women for a period for 15 years after coming effect.(334A) Droupadi Murmu
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