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Pronunciation | (IT-ree-əm) |
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Appearance | silvery white |
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Group | group 3 |
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Period | period 5 |
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Block | d-block |
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Electron configuration | [Kr] 4d1 5s2 |
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Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 18, 9, 2 |
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Phase at STP | solid |
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Melting point | 1799 K (1526 °C, 2779 °F) |
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Boiling point | 3203 K (2730 °C, 5306 °F) |
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Density (near r.t.) | 4.472 g/cm3 |
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when liquid (at m.p.) | 4.24 g/cm3 |
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Heat of fusion | 11.42 kJ/mol |
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Heat of vaporization | 363 kJ/mol |
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Molar heat capacity | 26.53 J/(mol·K) |
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Vapor pressure
P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1 k |
10 k |
100 k |
at T (K) |
1883 |
2075 |
(2320) |
(2627) |
(3036) |
(3607) |
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Oxidation states | 0,[3] +1, +2, +3 (a weakly basic oxide) |
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Electronegativity | Pauling scale: 1.22 |
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Ionization energies | - 1st: 600 kJ/mol
- 2nd: 1180 kJ/mol
- 3rd: 1980 kJ/mol
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Atomic radius | empirical: 180 pm |
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Covalent radius | 190±7 pm |
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Spectral lines of yttrium |
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Natural occurrence | primordial |
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Crystal structure | hexagonal close-packed (hcp) |
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Thermal expansion | α, poly: 10.6 µm/(m⋅K) (at r.t.) |
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Thermal conductivity | 17.2 W/(m⋅K) |
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Electrical resistivity | α, poly: 596 nΩ⋅m (at r.t.) |
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Magnetic ordering | paramagnetic[4] |
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Young's modulus | 63.5 GPa |
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Shear modulus | 25.6 GPa |
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Bulk modulus | 41.2 GPa |
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Speed of sound thin rod | 3300 m/s (at 20 °C) |
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Poisson ratio | 0.243 |
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Brinell hardness | 589 MPa |
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CAS Number | 7440-65-5 |
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Discovery | 1794 |
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First isolation | Carl Gustav Mosander (1840) |
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Category: Yttrium | references |