Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force

Not to be confused with Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe.

Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF; /ˈʃeɪf/ SHAYF) was the headquarters of the Commander of Allied forces in northwest Europe, from late 1943 until the end of World War II. US General Dwight D. Eisenhower was the commander in SHAEF throughout its existence. The position itself shares a common lineage with Supreme Allied Commander Europe and Atlantic, but they are different titles.

Supreme Headquarters, Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF)
Shoulder sleeve insignia
Active	1943–1945
Disbanded	14 July 1945
Countries	United Kingdom  United States  Australia  Canada  India  New Zealand  South Africa Occupied countries: Belgium Czechoslovakia  Free France Greece Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Yugoslavia
Allegiance	Allies
Type	Combined headquarters
Role	Theater of operations
Part of	Combined Chiefs of Staff
Nickname(s)	SHAEF
Engagements	World War II
Commanders
Supreme Commander	Dwight D. Eisenhower
Deputy Supreme Commander	Arthur Tedder

SHAEF commanders at a conference in London

Left to right: Lieutenant General Omar N. Bradley, Admiral Sir Bertram Ramsay, Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur Tedder, General Dwight D. Eisenhower, General Sir Bernard Montgomery, Air Chief Marshal Sir Trafford Leigh-Mallory, and Lieutenant General Walter Bedell Smith

History

Eisenhower transferred from command of the Mediterranean Theater of Operations to command SHAEF, which was formed in Camp Griffiss, Bushy Park, Teddington, London, from December 1943; an adjacent street named Shaef Way, and a gate into the park called Shaef Gate, remain to this day.^[1] Southwick House was used as an alternative headquarters near Portsmouth. Its staff took the outline plan for Operation Overlord created by Lieutenant General Sir Frederick E. Morgan, Chief of Staff to the Supreme Allied Commander (Designate) (COSSAC), and Major General Ray Barker.^[2] Morgan, who had been appointed chief of staff to the Supreme Allied Commander (designate) in mid-March 1943 began planning for the invasion of Europe before Eisenhower's appointment^[3] and moulded the plan into the final version, which was executed on 6 June 1944. That process was shaped by Eisenhower and the land forces commander, General Sir Bernard Law Montgomery, for the initial part of the invasion.

SHAEF remained in the United Kingdom until sufficient forces were ashore to justify its transfer to France.^[4] At that point, Montgomery ceased to command all land forces but continued as Commander in Chief of the British 21st Army Group (21 AG) on the eastern wing of the Normandy bridgehead. The US 12th Army Group (12 AG) commanded by Lieutenant General Omar Bradley was created as the western wing of the bridgehead. As the breakout from Normandy took place, the Allies launched the invasion of southern France on 15 August 1944 with the US 6th Army Group (6 AG) under the command of Lieutenant General Jacob L. Devers. During the invasion of southern France, the 6 AG was under the command of the Allied Forces Headquarters (AFHQ) of the Mediterranean Theatre of Operations, but after one month command passed to SHAEF. By this time, the three Army Groups had taken up the positions on the Western Front in which they would remain until the end of the war—the British 21 AG to the North, the American 12 AG in the middle and the 6 AG to the South. By December 1944, SHAEF had established itself in the Trianon Palace Hotel in Versailles, France.^[5] In February 1945, it moved to Reims and on 26 May 1945, to Frankfurt.^[6]

Order of battle

SHAEF commanded the largest number of formations ever committed to one operation on the Western Front, with American, Free French, British and Canadian forces. It commanded all Allied airborne forces as an airborne army, as well as three army groups that controlled a total of eight field armies;

• First Allied Airborne Army
  • all Allied airborne divisions, brigades and paratrooper transport wings
• British 21st Army Group
  • First Canadian Army
  • Second British Army
• US 12th Army Group
  • First United States Army
  • Third United States Army
  • Ninth United States Army
  • Fifteenth United States Army
• US 6th Army Group
  • French First Army
  • Seventh United States Army

SHAEF also controlled substantial naval forces during Operation Neptune, the assault phase of Overlord, and two tactical air forces: the US Ninth Air Force and the RAF Second Tactical Air Force. Allied strategic bomber forces in the UK also came under its command during Operation Neptune.

Commanders and senior staff

	Name	Photo	Branch
Supreme Allied Commander	General of the Army Dwight D. Eisenhower		United States Army
Deputy Supreme Allied Commander	Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur Tedder		Royal Air Force
Chief of Staff	Lieutenant General Walter Bedell Smith		United States Army
Deputy Chief of Staff (Operations)	Lieutenant General Frederick E. Morgan		British Army
Deputy Chief of Staff (Chief Administrative Officer)	Lieutenant General Humfrey Gale		British Army
Deputy Chief of Staff (Air)	Air Marshal James Robb (to May 1945[7])		Royal Air Force
	Air Vice Marshal Roderick Carr (from June 1945)		Royal Air Force
Ground forces commanders	Field Marshal[8] Sir Bernard Montgomery		British Army 21st Army Group
	Lieutenant General Omar Bradley		United States Army 12th Army Group (activated 14 July 1944)
	Lieutenant General Jacob L. Devers		United States Army 6th Army Group (activated 29 July 1944)
Air Force Commander-in-Chief	Air Marshal Sir Trafford Leigh-Mallory		Royal Air Force AEAF
Deputy Air Force Commander-in-Chief	Major General Hoyt Vandenberg		United States Army Air Forces
Naval Forces Commander	Admiral Sir Bertram Ramsay.[9]		Royal Navy
French Representative	General Marie-Pierre Kœnig		French Liberation Army
Soviet Representative	General Ivan Susloparov		Red Army

Additionally

• Secretary, General Staff: Colonel Ford Trimble
• G-1 (Personnel): Major General Ray Barker
• G-2 (Intelligence): Major General John Whiteley,^[10] then Major General Kenneth Strong
• G-3 (Operations) : Major General Harold Bull
• G-4 (Logistics): Major General Robert Crawford
• G-5: (Civil/Military Operations) Major General Sir Roger Lumley then Lieutenant General Arthur Edward Grasett
• Services of Supply/Communications Zone: Lieutenant General John C. H. Lee

Political officers

• Ambassador William Phillips (US)
• Mr. Charles Peake (UK)
• Mr. Christopher Steel (UK)
• Mr. Samuel Reber (US)
• Ambassador Robert Daniel Murphy (US)

Missions

SHAEF Missions^[11]

Nation	Name	Branch	Title
Belgium &  Luxembourg	Major-General George Erskine	British Army	Head of the Mission
	Col. John B. Sherman	United States Army	Deputy for Belgium
	Col. F. E. Fraser	United States Army	Deputy for Luxembourg
France	Major General John Taylor Lewis	United States Army	Head of the Mission
	Major-General Harold Redman	British Army	Deputy Head of the Mission
Netherlands	Major-General John George Walters Clark	British Army	Head of the Mission
	Brigadier General George P. Howell	United States Army	Deputy Head of the Mission
Denmark	Major-general R. H. Dewing	British Army	Head
	Col. Ford Trimble	United States Army	Deputy
Norway	General Sir Andrew Thorne	British Army	Head
	Col. Charles H. Wilson	United States Army	Deputy

Post-World War II successors

After the surrender of Germany, SHAEF was dissolved on 14 July 1945.

American

With respect to the U.S. forces, it was replaced by U.S. Forces, European Theater (USFET).^[6] USFET was reorganized as EUCOM (European Command, not to be confused with the present-day United States European Command) on 15 March 1947.^[6][12]

1948–1951: Western Union

The 1948–1951 Western Union Defence Organization's (WUDO) command structure was largely patterned on SHAEF's structure.^[13]

1951–present: Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe/Allied Command Operations

Starting in April 1951 when the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) cannibalised WUDO, it was put under the command of Supreme Allied Commander Europe Dwight D. Eisenhower in Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE; Allied Command Europe [ACE]), comprising many of the same allies that were part of SHAEF. WUDO, followed by SHAPE, were in many respects the successors to SHAEF.

SHAPE is currently the headquarters of NATO's Allied Command Operations (ACO). Since 1967 it has been located at Casteau, north of the Belgian city of Mons,^[14] but it had previously been located, from 1953, at Rocquencourt, next to Versailles, France.

From 1951 to 2003, SHAPE was the headquarters of Allied Command Europe (ACE). Since 2003 it has been the headquarters of ACO, controlling all NATO operations worldwide.

2017–present: Military Planning and Conduct Capability

The European Union has established a Military Planning and Conduct Capability (MPCC), which is due to gain more tasks and may rival SHAPE's dominance as the primary forum for multinational European missions. ^{[citation needed]}

Notes and references

Notes

1. "Shaef Gate – Bushy Park – Hampton". Traces of War. Archived from the original on 10 August 2019. Retrieved 10 August 2019.
2. Harrison, Gordon A. (2002) [1951]. "Chapter II Outline Overlord". Cross Channel Attack. United States Army in World War II. United States Army Center of Military History. CMH Pub 7-4.
3. See: Ambrose, Stephen E. (1994). D-Day. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-80137-X., p. 71.
4. Eisenhower moved to Normandy and set up an advance command post on the morning of 7 August 1944. See: Ambrose, Stephen E. (1997). Citizen Soldiers. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7434-5015-9., p. 92.
5. Ambrose, Stephen E. (1997). Citizen Soldiers. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7434-5015-9., p. 199.
6. Linke, Vera (2 March 2002). Das I.G. Farbenhaus – Ein Bau der, deutsche Geschichte widerspiegelt (The IG Farben Building – A building that reflects German History) (in German). Hausarbeiten.de. ISBN 9783640047574. Retrieved 18 July 2006. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
7. Robb became AOC RAF Fighter Command.
8. from 1 September 1944 when he was promoted from general.
9. "Unity of Command – Normandy Invasions". Archived from the original on 2 December 2007. Retrieved 23 September 2007.
10. until Brooke released Strong; Whitely then became deputy to G3.
11. Forrest C. Pogue European Theater of Operations: The Supreme Command, Appendix C, Roster of Key Officers SHAEF United States Army in World War II via Hyperwar Foundation.
12. "U.S. Army Europe and Africa Mission & History". U.S. Army Europe and Africa. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
13. Maloney, Sean M. (1995). Secure Command of the Sea: NATO Command Organization and Planning for the Cold War at Sea, 1945–1954. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 66–67. ISBN 1-55750-562-4.
14. SHAPE, 7010 Casteau Belgium "SHAPE on NATO homepage". Retrieved 12 March 2006.

References

• Winters, Major Dick, with Cole C. Kingseed (2006). Beyond Band of Brothers: The War Memoirs of Major Dick Winters. Berkley Hardcover. ISBN 978-0-425-20813-7., p. 210.
• Pogue, Forrest C. (1954), European Theater of Operations The Supreme Command, United States Army in World War II, Washington, D. C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, LCCN 53-61717 – via Hyperwar Foundation

External links

• Records of Supreme Headquarters, Allied Expeditionary Force, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
• Papers of Ernest R. "Tex" Lee, military aide to General Eisenhower, 1942–1945, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
• Papers of Thor Smith, Public Relations Division, SHAEF, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
• Daily Battle Communiques, SHAEF, June 6, 1944 – May 7, 1945, L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University
• BBC WW2 People's War article on Uxbridge SHAEF and London Bushey