List of musical instruments by Hornbostel–Sachs number: 321.312

This is a list of instruments by Hornbostel-Sachs number, covering those instruments that are classified under 321.312 under that system. These instruments may be known as spike box lutes or spike guitars.

3: Instruments in which sound is produced by one or more vibrating strings (chordophones, string instruments).

32: Instruments in which the resonator and string bearer are physically united and can not be separated without destroying the instrument

321: Instruments in which the strings run in a plane parallel to the sound table (lutes)

321.3: Instruments in which the string bearer is a plain handle (handle lutes)

321.31: Instruments in which the handle passes diametrically through or over the resonator (spike lutes)

321.312: Instruments in which the resonator is in the form of a box (spike box lutes, spike guitars)

These instruments may be classified with a suffix, based on how the strings are caused to vibrate.

• 4: Hammers or beaters
• 5: Bare hands and fingers
• 6: Plectrum
• 7: Bowing
  • 71: Using a bow
  • 72: Using a wheel
  • 73: Using a ribbon
• 8: Keyboard
• 9: Using a mechanical drive

Instrument	Tradition	Hornbostel–Sachs classification	Description
banjo (with resonator)[1][2]	African American	321.312-5	Four or five stringed instrument, plucked with a bare thumb and a forefinger covered by a metal thimble, traditionally with four or five strings,
gimbri guinbri, guimbri, gimbri, ginibri	Gnawa music	321.312	Rectangular box lute with leather tuning rings
gusle[3][4][5]	Serbia, Montenegro and elsewhere in the former Yugoslavia	321.312	Stringed instrument, round, typically with one string bound at the top of the neck with a tuning peg Serbian gusleⓘ
morin khuur horse-head fiddle,	Mongolia, Tuva	321.312	Two-stringed instrument, held between the legs, with a trapezoidal body and a horse's head typically carved on the upper edge of the pegbox
sanshin[6]	Ryukyus of Japan	321.312-6	Three stringed banjo-like instrument, covered with snakeskin
sanxian	China	321.312	Three-stringed fretless plucked instrument, with a box covered in snakeskin.

References

• von Hornbostel, Erich M.; Curt Sachs (March 1961). "Classification of Musical Instruments: Translated from the Original German by Anthony Baines and Klaus P. Wachsmann". The Galpin Society Journal. 14. Galpin Society: 3–29. doi:10.2307/842168. JSTOR 842168.

Notes

1. Hill, Errol; James Vernon Hatch (2003). A History of African American Theatre. Don B. Wilmeth. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-62443-6.
2. Bailey, Jay (January–March 1972). "Historical Origin and Stylistic Developments of the Five-String Banjo". Journal of American Folklore. 85 (335). American Folklore Society: 58–65. doi:10.2307/539129. JSTOR 539129.
3. "'Spinning Out of Control': Rhetoric and Violent Conflict" (pdf). June 1, 2006. p. 4. Retrieved December 21, 2007.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
4. "Montenegrin Music". Visit Montenegro. Retrieved December 21, 2007.
5. Lord, Albert B. (1936). "Homer and Huso I: The Singer's Rests in Greek and Southslavic Heroic Song". Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association. 67. The Johns Hopkins University Press: 106–113. doi:10.2307/283230. JSTOR 283230.
6. Tokita, Alison McQueen; David Hughes. "Context and Change in Japanese Music" (pdf). Retrieved December 17, 2007.