Soyuz-2

This article is about the launch vehicle. For the 1968 Soyuz spacecraft mission, see Soyuz 2 (1968 mission).

Not to be confused with Soyuz T-2, Soyuz TM-2, Soyuz TMA-2, Soyuz TMA-02M, or Soyuz MS-02.

Soyuz 2 (Russian: Союз 2, lit. 'Union 2') (GRAU index 14A14) is a modernized expendable medium-lift launch vehicle and the seventh major version of the Soyuz rocket family. It includes key enhancements over its predecessors including improved engines along with digital flight control and telemetry systems, enabling launches from fixed platforms and the use of large payload fairings.

Soyuz 2 (2.1a / 2.1b)

A MetOp spacecraft ready for launch atop a Soyuz 2.1a rocket.
Function	Medium-lift launch vehicle
Manufacturer	Progress
Country of origin	Russia
Cost per launch	US$35−48.5 million (Roscosmos)[1][2] US$80 million (Arianespace)[3]
Size
Height	46.3 m (152 ft)[4]
Diameter	10.3 m (33 ft 10 in)
Mass	312,000 kg (688,000 lb)
Stages	3 or 4
Capacity
Payload to LEO[a]
Mass	A: 7,020 kg (15,480 lb) B: 8,200 kg (18,100 lb)[4]
Payload to SSO[b]
Mass	A: 4,230 kg (9,330 lb) B: 4,900 kg (10,800 lb)[5]
Payload to GTO[c]
Mass	A: 2,810 kg (6,190 lb) B: 3,250 kg (7,170 lb)[5]
Payload to TLI[d]
Mass	B: 2,350 kg (5,180 lb)[6]
Payload to GSO[e]
Mass	B: 1,360 kg (3,000 lb)[6]
Associated rockets
Family	R-7 (Soyuz)
Based on	Soyuz-FG
Derivative work	Soyuz 2 (CSG) Soyuz 2.1v
Launch history
Status	Active
Launch sites	Baikonur, Site 31/6 Plesetsk, Site 43 Vostochny, Site 1S Guiana, ELS (2011–2022)
Total launches	169 (+1 suborbital)     A: 78 (+1 suborbital)     B: 91
Success(es)	163 (+1 suborbital)     A: 75 (+1 suborbital)     B: 88
Failure(s)	4 (A: 2, B: 2)
Partial failure(s)	2 (A: 1, B: 1)
First flight	A: 8 November 2004 B: 27 December 2006
Last flight	A: Active B: Active
Type of passengers/cargo	CoRoT Galileo GLONASS Progress Soyuz MS OneWeb
Boosters (First stage)
No. boosters	4
Height	19.6 m (64 ft)
Diameter	2.68 m (8 ft 10 in)
Empty mass	3,784 kg (8,342 lb)
Gross mass	44,413 kg (97,914 lb)
Propellant mass	39,160 kg (86,330 lb)
Powered by	1 × RD-107A
Maximum thrust	SL: 839.48 kN (188,720 lbf) vac: 1,019.93 kN (229,290 lbf)
Specific impulse	SL: 263.3 s (2.582 km/s) vac: 320.2 s (3.140 km/s)
Burn time	118 seconds
Propellant	LOX / RP-1
Second stage (core)
Height	27.10 m (88.9 ft)
Diameter	2.95 m (9 ft 8 in)
Empty mass	6,545 kg (14,429 lb)
Gross mass	99,765 kg (219,944 lb)
Propellant mass	90,100 kg (198,600 lb)
Powered by	1 × RD-108A
Maximum thrust	SL: 792.41 kN (178,140 lbf) vac: 921.86 kN (207,240 lbf)
Specific impulse	SL: 257.7 s (2.527 km/s) vac: 320.6 s (3.144 km/s)
Burn time	286 seconds
Propellant	LOX / RP-1
Third stage
Height	6.70 m (22.0 ft)
Diameter	2.66 m (8 ft 9 in)
Empty mass	2,355 kg (5,192 lb)
Gross mass	27,755 kg (61,189 lb)
Propellant mass	25,400 kg (56,000 lb)
Powered by	A: 1 × RD-0110 B: 1 × RD-0124
Maximum thrust	A: 298 kN (67,000 lbf) B: 294.3 kN (66,200 lbf)
Specific impulse	A: 326 s (3.20 km/s) B: 359 s (3.52 km/s)
Burn time	270 seconds
Propellant	LOX / RP-1
Fourth stage (optional) – Fregat / Fregat-M / Fregat-MT[7]
Height	1.5 m (4 ft 11 in)
Diameter	Fregat / Fregat-M: 3.35 m (11.0 ft) Fregat-MT: 3.80 m (12.5 ft)
Empty mass	Fregat: 930 kg (2,050 lb) Fregat-M: 980 kg (2,160 lb) Fregat-MT: 1,050 kg (2,310 lb)
Propellant mass	Fregat: 5,250 kg (11,570 lb) Fregat-M: 5,600 kg (12,300 lb) Fregat-MT: 7,100 kg (15,700 lb)
Powered by	1 × S5.92
Maximum thrust	19.85 kN (4,460 lbf)
Specific impulse	333.2 s (3.268 km/s)
Burn time	Up to 1,100 seconds (up to 20 starts)
Propellant	N2O4 / UDMH
Fourth stage (optional) – Volga[8]
Height	1.025 m (3 ft 4.4 in)
Diameter	3.2 m (10 ft)
Empty mass	840 kg (1,850 lb)
Propellant mass	300–900 kg (660–1,980 lb)
Powered by	1 × 17D64[9]
Maximum thrust	2.94 kN (660 lbf)
Specific impulse	307 s (3.01 km/s)
Propellant	N2O4 / UDMH

In its standard configuration, Soyuz 2 is a three-stage launch vehicle designed for low Earth orbit missions. Notably, its stage numbering differs from some rockets. The boosters are considered to be its first stage, while the central core is the second one. For higher orbits like Molniya or geosynchronous, an optional upper (fourth) stage can be added. The most common upper stage is the Fregat, but the smaller Volga is also an option. These upper stages have their own independent flight control and telemetry systems.

The Soyuz 2 rocket utilizes the existing facilities of its R-7 derived predecessors, Site 31 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome (Russian: Байконур) in Kazakhstan and Site 43 at the Plesetsk Cosmodrome (Russian: Плесецк) in northwestern Russia. Additional launch locations opened at the Ensemble de Lancement Soyouz at the Guiana Space Centre in French Guiana in 2011 and the Site 1S at the Vostochny Cosmodrome (Russian: Восточный) in eastern Russia in 2016. However, Soyuz 2 launches from Guiana were suspended in 2022 after the Russian invasion of Ukraine.^[10]

The Soyuz 2 family has two major variants, with the Soyuz 2.1a being the base version that first launched on 8 November 2004. The Soyuz 2.1b, with a 15 percent more powerful third stage, followed on 27 December 2006. Soyuz rockets that use the larger ST payload fairing are called the Soyuz ST-A or Soyuz ST-B. The derivative Soyuz 2.1v with a more powerful core stage and no boosters was introduced in December 2013.

The Soyuz 2 has replaced the Molniya-M, Soyuz-U and Soyuz-FG rockets since 2010, 2017 and 2019 respectively.^[11][12][13]

Variants

Soyuz 2.1a

The Soyuz 2.1a incorporates upgraded RD-107A engines in the first stage (the four boosters) and the upgraded RD-108A engine in the second stage (the central core). The engines have improved injection systems to enhance overall performance.

The 2.1a also has a digital flight control system, replacing the analog system used on prior Soyuz models. This system allows the vehicle to adjust its trajectory in-flight (a capability the analog system lacked) eliminating the requirement for a complex rotating launchpad.

The digital flight control system also unlocks the potential for deploying larger commercial satellites housed within wider and longer payload fairings. These fairings introduced too much aerodynamic instability for the old analog system to handle. When configured with this larger ST payload fairing, the Soyuz 2.1a is sometimes called Soyuz ST-A.

The RD-0110 engine remains in use on the third stage.

The first launch of a Soyuz 2.1a took place from Plesetsk Cosmodrome Site 43 on 8 November 2004 with a boilerplate payload, simulating the size and weight of a Zenit-8 spy satellite. The first launch of a Soyuz ST-A took place from Guiana Space Centre on 17 December 2011 carrying four satellites (including Pléiades-HR 1A, SSOT and ELISA).

Soyuz 2.1b

The Soyuz 2.1b has all the same features as the Soyuz 2.1a, but uses an upgraded engine (RD-0124) on the third stage, which greatly increases specific impulse (326 to 359 seconds), improving payload capability to LEO from 7,200 kilograms (15,900 lb) to 8,200 kilograms (18,100 lb). When configured with the larger ST payload fairing, the Soyuz 2.1b is sometimes called Soyuz ST-B.

The first launch of a Soyuz 2.1b took place from Plesetsk Cosmodrome Site 43 on 26 July 2008 with a classified military payload.^[14] The first launch of a Soyuz ST-B took place from Guiana Space Centre on 21 October 2011 carrying two Galileo satellites.

• 
  Closeup of booster and core stage engines of a Soyuz 2.1a during launch
• 
  Soyuz 2.1a prepared for human spaceflight mission Soyuz MS-26
• 
  Soyuz 2.1b (2018)
• 
  From left: Soyuz 2.1v, Soyuz 2.1a, Soyuz 2.1b and Soyuz 5

Modifications for various launch sites

Guiana Space Centre

To accommodate the conditions and requirements of the Guiana Space Centre (CSG), Soyuz rockets underwent several key modifications. These adaptations ensure the vehicle's optimal performance and safety within the tropical environment.

Launch Infrastructure and Payload Integration

• Mobile Service Tower: Unlike other Soyuz launch complexes, the ELS employed a mobile service tower that enabled vertical payload integration directly on the launchpad.^[15]
• European Payload Adapters: Launch vehicles used European-supplied payload adapters, enhancing compatibility with a broader range of spacecraft.^[15]
• Engine Ignition: At the ELS, the engines of the boosters and first stage were pyrotechnically ignited. At other Soyuz launch complexes, engines are chemically ignited.^[16]

Enhanced Safety Systems

• European Safeguard Kit (French: Kit de Sauvegarde Européenne): This system can locate the rocket in real-time and, if necessary, transmit a flight termination signal, ensuring the safe destruction of the vehicle in the event of an anomaly.^[15][16]
• Destruct System for Boosters and Core Stage: Boosters and core stage are equipped with pyrotechnic devices to ensure they sink in the ocean for disposal after flight.^[16]
• S-Band Telemetry System Adaptation: The S band telemetry system is modified to operate on the Inter-Range Instrumentation Group standard used at the CSG.^[15]

Environmental Adaptation

• Tropical Climate Adaptation: The air conditioning system is adapted to keep the payload cool inside the faring, and protective measures are added to reduce icing when loading cryogenic fluids in the humid environment.^[15]
• Pest Control: To avoid potential wildlife intrusions, all cavities and openings within the rocket were studied and certified to be adequately sealed against insects and rodents.^[16]

Vostochny Cosmodrome

Modifications for the Vostochny Cosmodrome version includes:^[17]

• New and upgraded computer, N.A.Semikhatov NPO Automatika's Malachite-7, with six times more performance, better obsolescence protection, reduced weight.^[18][19][20]
• The new computer enabled a significant reduction on the cable network complexity thanks to multiplexing lines and using common buses.^[17][20][21]
• New nickel-cadmium batteries that eliminate the need for a dedicated battery charging station.^[18]
• The inclusion of on-board video system, that will enable real-time views of the launch.^[18]
• Since the launch pad at Vostochny also has a mobile gantry for vertical payload integration, similar to the ELS at Guiana, it has the necessary piping to direct the oxygen purges outside the gantry.^[17]

On 1 October 2015, it was announced that parts of the assembly complex for the Soyuz 2 at Vostochny Cosmodrome were designed for a different modification of the rocket and are too small, so that the planned first launch in December 2015 was under question.^[22] The first launch occurred on 28 April 2016 at 02:01:21 UTC.^[23]

Notable missions

Suborbital test flight

On 8 November 2004, at 18:30 UTC, the first Soyuz 2 rocket, in the Soyuz 2.1a configuration, was launched from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome in Russia. The rocket followed a sub-orbital trajectory, with the third stage and Boilerplate landing in the Pacific Ocean.

Maiden launch

The first attempt at launching a Soyuz 2 to orbit, with the MetOp-A satellite, occurred on 17 July 2006. It was scrubbed two hours before the launch by an automatic sequence, after the onboard computer failed to check the launch azimuth. Fuelling of the rocket was underway at the time, and all launch complex equipment and on-board preliminary checks had proceeded without incident. The rocket was left fuelled on the launch pad, for the next attempt on 18 July 2006. Launch was eventually conducted on 19 October 2006.

First crewed mission

First crewed launch of Soyuz 2 took place at 9 April 2020, carrying Soyuz MS-16 to the ISS.

Naphthyl fuel

Following successful ground testing, a naphthyl (Russian: нафтил) fueled Soyuz 2.1b launch took place on 22 October 2022 at Vostochny. Naphthyl is an environmentally safe hydrocarbon fuel with fewer aromatic compounds than kerosene, that also slightly improves engine performance. There are only minor differences in thermal properties, viscosity, and surface tension, so this did not require significant engine changes.^[24]

Launch statistics

Since 2006, Soyuz 2 rockets have accumulated a total of 169 launches, 163 of which were successful, yielding a 96.4% success rate.

Launch outcomes

5

10

15

20

25

30

2006

2010

2015

2020

•   Failure
•   Partial failure
•   Success
•   Scheduled

Launch sites

5

10

15

20

25

30

2006

2010

2015

2020

•   Baikonur
•   Plesetsk
•   Vostochny
•   Guiana
•  

List of launches

Main article: List of R-7 launches

Launch date Time (UTC)	Configuration	Spaceport	Result	Payload	Mission type	Remarks
8 November 2004 18:30	Soyuz 2.1a	Plesetsk, Site 43	Success	Zenit-8 (boilerplate)	Suborbital test flight
19 October 2006 16:28	Soyuz 2.1a / Fregat	Baikonur, Site 31	Success	MetOp-A	Weather satellite
24 December 2006 08:34	Soyuz 2.1a / Fregat	Plesetsk, Site 43	Success	Meridian 1	Military communications satellite
27 December 2006 14:28	Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat	Baikonur, Site 31	Success	CoRoT	Astronomy satellite
26 July 2008 18:31	Soyuz 2.1b	Plesetsk, Site 43	Success[25]	Kosmos 2441 (Persona No.1)	Reconnaissance satellite	Launch was successful but satellite failed after a few months of operations due to an electrical fault.
21 May 2009 21:53	Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat	Plesetsk, Site 43	Failure [26]	Meridian 2	Military communications satellite	Bulging of third-stage combustion chamber led to fuel leak and automatic deactivation; satellite in unusable orbit after failed correction attempt.
17 September 2009 15:55	Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat	Baikonur, Site 31	Success	Meteor-M No.1 BLITS IRIS Sterkh-2 SumbandilaSat UGATUSAT Universitetsky-Tatyana-2	Weather satellite + 6 piggyback satellites
19 October 2010 17:11	Soyuz 2.1a / Fregat-M	Baikonur, Site 31	Success	Globalstar-2 F1 (6 satellites)	Communications satellite
2 November 2010 00:59	Soyuz 2.1a / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43	Success	Meridian 3	Military communications satellite
26 February 2011 03:07	Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43	Success	Kosmos 2471 (GLONASS-K 11L)	Navigation satellite
4 May 2011 17:41	Soyuz 2.1a / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43	Success	Meridian 4	Military communications satellite
13 July 2011 02:27	Soyuz 2.1a / Fregat-M	Baikonur, Site 31	Success	Globalstar-2 F2 (6 satellites)	Communications satellite
2 October 2011 20:15	Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43	Success	Kosmos 2474 (GLONASS-M 742)	Navigation satellite
21 October 2011 10:30	Soyuz ST-B / Fregat-M	Guiana, ELS	Success [27]	Galileo IOV-1/2	Navigation satellite First launch from Guiana Space Centre.
28 November 2011 08:25	Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43	Success [28]	Kosmos 2478 (GLONASS-M 746)	Navigation satellite
17 December 2011 02:03	Soyuz ST-A / Fregat-M	Guiana, ELS	Success [29]	Pléiades 1A SSOT ELISA 1/2/3/4	Remote sensing satellite Earth observation satellite for Chile Signals intelligence satellite
23 December 2011 12:08	Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43	Failure [30]	Meridian 5	Military communications satellite	Anomaly led to premature third-stage engine deactivation followed by an explosion which caused it to veer off course; satellite not deployed.
28 December 2011 17:09	Soyuz 2.1a / Fregat-M	Baikonur, Site 31	Success [31]	Globalstar-2 F3 (6 satellites)	Communications satellite
17 September 2012 16:28	Soyuz 2.1a / Fregat	Baikonur, Site 31	Success	MetOp-B	Weather satellite
12 October 2012 18:15	Soyuz ST-B / Fregat-MT	Guiana, ELS	Success [32]	Galileo IOV-3/4	Navigation satellite
14 November 2012 11:42	Soyuz 2.1a / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43	Success	Meridian 6	Military communications satellite
2 December 2012 02:02	Soyuz ST-A / Fregat	Guiana, ELS	Success [33]	Pléiades 1B	Remote sensing satellite
6 February 2013 16:04:24	Soyuz 2.1a / Fregat-M	Baikonur, Site 31	Success	Globalstar-2 F4 (6 satellites)	Communications satellite
19 April 2013 10:00:00	Soyuz 2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31	Success	Bion-M No.1 Aist 2 Beesat 2/3 Dove-2 OSSI-1 SOMP	Biological science satellite + 5 piggyback satellites
26 April 2013 05:23:46	Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43	Success [34]	Kosmos 2485 (GLONASS-M 747)	Navigation satellite
7 June 2013 18:37:59	Soyuz 2.1b	Plesetsk, Site 43	Success[35]	Kosmos 2486 (Persona No.2)	Reconnaissance satellite
25 June 2013 17:28:48	Soyuz 2.1b	Baikonur, Site 31	Success [36]	Resurs-P No.1	Earth observation satellite
25 June 2013 19:27:03	Soyuz ST-B / Fregat-MT	Guiana, ELS	Success [37]	O3b-1/2/3/4	Communications satellites
19 December 2013 09:12:19	Soyuz ST-B / Fregat-MT	Guiana, ELS	Success [38]	Gaia	Space telescope
23 March 2014 22:54:03	Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43	Success [39]	Kosmos 2494 (GLONASS-M 754)	Navigation satellite
3 April 2014 21:02:26	Soyuz ST-A / Fregat-M	Guiana, ELS	Success [40]	Sentinel-1A	Earth observation satellite
6 May 2014 13:49:35	Soyuz 2.1a	Plesetsk, Site 43	Success [41]	Kosmos 2495 (Kobalt-M)	Reconnaissance satellite
14 June 2014 17:16:48	Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43	Success [42]	Kosmos 2500 (GLONASS-M 755)	Navigation satellite
8 July 2014 15:58:28	Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M	Baikonur, Site 31	Success [43]	Meteor-M No.2 AISSat-2 DX-1 Relek (MKA-FKI (PN2)) SkySat 2 TechDemoSat-1 UKube-1	Weather satellite + 6 piggyback satellites
10 July 2014 18:55:56	Soyuz ST-B / Fregat-MT	Guiana, ELS	Success [44]	O3b-5/6/7/8	Communications satellites
18 July 2014 20:50:00	Soyuz 2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31	Success	Foton-M No.4	Microgravity and biology research satellite
22 August 2014 12:27:11	Soyuz ST-B / Fregat-MT	Guiana, ELS	Partial success [45]	Galileo FOC-1/2	Navigation satellite	Fregat upper stage guidance problem left the satellites in an incorrect elliptical orbit. Traced to a flaw in the Fregat thermal design with a heat bridge from the coolant line to fuel line causing freezing of fuel line.
29 October 2014 07:09:43	Soyuz 2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31	Success	Progress M-25M	ISS cargo spacecraft. This was the first time Soyuz 2.1a rocket was used for an ISS mission launch.
30 October 2014 01:42:52	Soyuz 2.1a / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43	Success	Meridian 7	Military communications satellite
30 November 2014 21:52:26	Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43	Success	Kosmos 2501 (GLONASS-K 12L)	Navigation satellite
18 December 2014 18:37:00	Soyuz ST-B / Fregat-MT	Guiana, ELS	Success	O3b-9/10/11/12	Communications satellite	Although the mission successfully placed the O3b constellation into the correct orbit, the telemetry system ceased to send telemetry data to ground controllers moments before third Fregat burn. Mission control afterwards directly relied to the satellites to confirm their condition and their position.[46]
25 December 2014 03:01:13	Soyuz 2.1b	Plesetsk, Site 43	Success	Kosmos 2502 (Lotos-S1 No.1)	ELINT
26 December 2014 18:55:50	Soyuz 2.1b	Baikonur, Site 31	Success	Resurs-P No.2	Earth observation satellite
27 February 2015 11:01:35	Soyuz 2.1a	Plesetsk, Site 43	Success	Kosmos 2503 (Bars-M 1L)	Reconnaissance
27 March 2015 21:46:18	Soyuz ST-B / Fregat-MT	Guiana, ELS	Success	Galileo FOC-3/4	Navigation
28 April 2015 07:09:50	Soyuz 2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31	Failure	Progress M-27M	ISS logistics	Spacecraft lost communications and attitude control soon after separation after damaged by vibration issues during launch.[47] International Space Station docking attempt cancelled.[48] Mission declared a total loss.[49]
5 June 2015 15:23:54	Soyuz 2.1a	Plesetsk, Site 43	Success	Kosmos 2505 (Kobalt-M)	Reconnaissance
23 June 2015 16:44:00	Soyuz 2.1b	Plesetsk, Site 43	Success	Kosmos 2506 (Persona No.3)	Reconnaissance
11 September 2015 02:08:10	Soyuz ST-B / Fregat-MT	Guiana, ELS	Success[50]	Galileo FOC-5/6	Navigation
17 November 2015 06:33:41	Soyuz 2.1b	Plesetsk, Site 43	Success	Kosmos 2510 (EKS)	Missile early warning
17 December 2015 11:51:56	Soyuz ST-B / Fregat-MT	Guiana, ELS	Success [51]	Galileo FOC-8/9	Navigation
21 December 2015 08:44:39	Soyuz 2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31	Success	Progress MS-01	ISS logistics
7 February 2016 00:21:07	Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43	Success	Kosmos 2514 (GLONASS-M 751)	Navigation
13 March 2016 18:56:00	Soyuz 2.1b	Baikonur, Site 31	Success	Resurs-P No.3	Earth observation
24 March 2016 09:42	Soyuz 2.1a	Plesetsk, Site 43	Success	Kosmos 2515 (Bars-M 2L)	Reconnaissance
31 March 2016 16:23:57	Soyuz 2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31	Success	Progress MS-02	ISS logistics
25 April 2016 21:02:13	Soyuz ST-A / Fregat-M	Guiana, ELS	Success [52]	Sentinel-1B[53] MICROSCOPE[54] AAUSAT 4 e-st@r-II OUFTI 1	Earth observation Astrophysics research Technology
28 April 2016 02:01:21	Soyuz 2.1a / Volga	Vostochny, Site 1S	Success [23]	Mikhailo Lomonosov [55] Aist-2D [56] SamSat 218	Gamma-ray astronomy Technology demonstrations
24 May 2016 08:48:43	Soyuz ST-B / Fregat-MT	Guiana, ELS	Success [57]	Galileo FOC-10/11	Navigation
29 May 2016 08:44:37	Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43	Success [58]	Kosmos 2516 (GLONASS-M 760)	Navigation	Third stage shut down prematurely during the launch. Fregat upper stage detected the problem and compensated with an extended firing, delivering the satellite to the correct orbit.[59]
28 January 2017 01:03:34	Soyuz ST-B / Fregat-MT	Guiana, ELS	Success [60]	Hispasat 36W-1 a.k.a. Hispasat AG1 Small GEO	Communications
18 May 2017 11:54:53	Soyuz ST-A / Fregat-M	Guiana, ELS	Success [61]	SES-15[62]	Communications
25 May 2017 06:33	Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43	Success [63]	EKS-2	Missile early warning
14 June 2017 09:20	Soyuz 2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31	Success	Progress MS-06	ISS logistics
14 July 2017 06:36:49	Soyuz 2.1a / Fregat-M	Baikonur, Site 31	Partial success	Kanopus-V-IK Many cubesats	Earth observation Heliophysics	At least 9 of the 72 cubesats were reported to have failed, possibly due to an issue with the Fregat upper stage.[64] Glavkosmos, the cubesat launch provider, has later confirmed upper stage anomaly.[65]
22 September 2017 00:02:32	Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43	Success	Kosmos 2522 (GLONASS-M 752)	Navigation
14 October 2017 08:46:53	Soyuz 2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31	Success	Progress MS-07	ISS logistics
28 November 2017 05:41:46	Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M	Vostochny, Site 1S[66]	Failure [67]	Meteor-M No.2-1 Ionosfera Baumanets Several cubesats	Weather Ionospheric research	The orbital insertion burn was conducted while upper stage was oriented in the wrong direction sending it back in to the atmosphere. Roscosmos investigation found 20 years earlier Baikonur co-ordinates had mistakenly been hardcoded in a Fregat subroutine, and the mistake only manifested itself for the first time due to launching from Vostochny. The Russian Government and independent experts however consider the conclusion as a way of escaping individual blame.[68]
2 December 2017 10:43:26	Soyuz 2.1b	Plesetsk, Site 43	Success [69]	Kosmos 2524 (Lotos S1 No.2)	ELINT
1 February 2018 02:07:18 [70]	Soyuz 2.1a / Fregat-M	Vostochny, Site 1S[66]	Success [71][72]	Kanopus-V No.3, No.4 Lemur-2 74, 75, 76, 77 S-Net 1, 2, 3, 4 D-Star One v.1.1 [73]	Earth observation Technology demonstrations
13 February 2018 08:13:33	Soyuz 2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31	Success [74]	Progress MS-08	ISS logistics
9 March 2018 17:10:06	Soyuz ST-B / Fregat-MT	Guiana, ELS	Success	O3b-13/14/15/16	Communications
16 June 2018 21:30	Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43	Success	Kosmos 2527 (GLONASS-M 756)	Navigation
9 July 2018 21:51	Soyuz 2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31	Success[75]	Progress MS-09	ISS logistics
25 October 2018 00:15	Soyuz 2.1b	Plesetsk, Site 43	Success [76]	Kosmos 2528 (Lotos-S1 No.3)	ELINT
3 November 2018 20:17	Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43	Success[77]	Kosmos 2529 (GLONASS-M 757)	Navigation
7 November 2018 00:47:27	Soyuz ST-B / Fregat-M	Guiana, ELS	Success	MetOp-C	Weather
19 December 2018 13:37	Soyuz ST-A / Fregat-M	Guiana, ELS	Success [78]	CSO 1	Reconnaissance for the French Armed Forces
27 December 2018 02:07	Soyuz 2.1a / Fregat-M	Vostochny, Site 1S	Success [78]	Kanopus-V No.5 and Kanopus-V No.6 Dove Flock-w × 12	Earth observation satellites.
21 February 2019 19:47	Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M	Baikonur, Site 31	Success [79]	EgyptSat A	Earth observation
27 February 2019 21:37	Soyuz ST-B / Fregat-MT	Guiana, ELS	Success [80]	OneWeb-1 (6 satellites) + mockups × 4 (pilot flight) [81]	Communications
4 April 2019 11:01	Soyuz 2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31	Success [82]	Progress MS-11	ISS logistics
4 April 2019 17:03:37	Soyuz ST-B / Fregat-MT	ELS Guiana	Success	O3b (x4)	Low Earth orbit communication satellites
27 May 2019 09:23	Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43	Success [83]	GLONASS-M 758	Navigation. A lightning struck the rocket 14 seconds after start, without affecting its performance.[83]
5 July 2019 05:41	Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M	Vostochny, Site 1S	Success [84]	Meteor-M No.2-2 Microsputnik	Weather
30 July 2019 05:56	Soyuz 2.1a / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43	Success[85]	Meridian 8	Communications
31 July 2019 12:10	Soyuz 2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31	Success [86]	Progress MS-12	ISS logistics
22 August 2019 03:38	Soyuz 2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31	Success [87]	Soyuz MS-14 (uncrewed flight test)	ISS crew transport
26 September 2019 07:46	Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43	Success [88]	Kosmos 2541	Military reconnaissance
6 December 2019 09:34	Soyuz 2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6	Success	Progress MS-13 / 74P	ISS logistics
11 December 2019	Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43/4	Success	GLONASS-M 759	Navigation
18 December 2019	Soyuz ST-A / Fregat-MT	Guiana, ELS	Success	CHEOPS COSMO-SkyMed (CSG 1) OPS-SAT	Space telescope Earth observation (radar) Technical demonstration
6 February 2020 21:42:41	Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M	Baikonur, Site 31/6	Success	OneWeb-2 (34 satellites) (Baikonur flight 1)[81]	Communications
20 February 2020 08:24:54	Soyuz 2.1a / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43/3	Success	Meridian M-9 (19L)	Military comsat[89]
16 March 2020 18:28:00	Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43/3	Success [67]	GLONASS-M No.760 (Kosmos 2545)	Navigation
21 March 2020 17:06:58	Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M	Baikonur, Site 31/6	Success [67][90]	OneWeb-3 (34 satellites) (Baikonur flight 2)	Communications
9 April 2020 08:05:06	Soyuz 2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6	Success[67]	Soyuz MS-16	ISS crew transport
25 April 2020 01:51:41	Soyuz 2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6	Success [91]	Progress MS-14	ISS logistics
22 May 2020 06:45[92]	Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43	Success	EKS-4 (Tundra 14L)[93]	Early warning
23 July 2020 14:26:22	Soyuz 2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6	Success	Progress MS-15	ISS logistics
28 September 2020 11:20:00	Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43/4	Success	Gonets-M (17/18/19) GEN-1 (Antilles and Amidala) (Canada), Lemur-2 (4) (United States), MeznSat (United Arab Emirates), SALSAT (Germany), NetSat-1 to 4 (Germany), ICEYE-X6 and X7 (Finland), LacunaSat-3 (Lithuania), Yarilo-1 and 2 (Russia), Norbi (Russia) and Dekart (Descartes) (Russia) [94]	Communications
14 October 2020 05:45:04 [95]	Soyuz 2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6	Success	Soyuz MS-17	ISS crew transport
25 October 2020 19:08:42 [96]	Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43/4	Success	Kosmos 2547 (GLONASS-K 15L)	Navigation
2 December 2020 01:33:28 [97]	Soyuz ST-A / Fregat-M	Guiana, ELS	Success	FalconEye 2	Reconnaissance
3 December 2020 01:14 [98]	Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat	Plesetsk, Site 43/3	Success	Gonets-M 20/21/22 ERA-1 (Kosmos-2548) (nanosatellite)	Communication Technology - Russian Ministry of Defense
18 December 2020 12:26:26 [99]	Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat	Vostochny, Site 1S	Success	OneWeb-4 (36 satellites) (Vostochny flight 1)	Communications
20 December 2020 16:42:07 [100]	Soyuz ST-A / Fregat-M	Guiana, ELS	Success	CSO-2	Reconnaissance
2 February 2021 20:45:28 [101]	Soyuz 2.1b	Plesetsk, Site 43/4	Success	Kosmos 2549 (Lotos-S1 No.4)	ELINT
15 February 2021 04:45:05 [102]	Soyuz 2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6	Success	Progress MS-16	ISS logistics
28 February 2021 06:55:01 [103]	Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M	Baikonur, Site 31/6	Success	Arktika-M No.1	Weather satellite
22 March 2021 06:07:12 [104]	Soyuz 2.1a / Fregat-M	Baikonur, Site 31/6	Success	CAS500-1 A cluster of secondary commercial payloads (+37 satellites).	Earth observation
25 March 2021 02:47:33[105]	Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat	Vostochny, Site 1S	Success	OneWeb-5 (36 satellites) (Vostochny flight 2)	Communications
9 April 2021 07:42:40[106]	Soyuz 2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6	Success	Soyuz MS-18	ISS crew transport
25 April 2021 22:14:08[107]	Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat	Vostochny, Site 1S	Success	OneWeb-6 (36 satellites) (Vostochny flight 3)	Communications
28 May 2021 17:38:39[108]	Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat	Vostochny, Site 1S	Success	OneWeb-7 (36 satellites) (Vostochny flight 4)	Communications
25 June 2021 19:50:00[109]	Soyuz 2.1b	Plesetsk, Site 43/4	Success	Kosmos 2550 (Pion-NKS No.1)	SIGINT
29 June 2021 23:27:20[110]	Soyuz 2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6	Success	Progress MS-17	ISS logistics
1 July 2021 12:48:33[111]	Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat	Vostochny, Site 1S	Success	OneWeb-8 (36 satellites) (Vostochny flight 5)	Communications
21 August 2021 22:13:40[112]	Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat	Baikonur, Site 31/6	Success	OneWeb-9 (34 satellites) (Baikonur flight 3)	Communications
14 September 2021 18:07:19[113]	Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat	Baikonur, Site 31/6	Success	OneWeb-10 (34 satellites) (Baikonur flight 4)	Communications
5 October 2021 08:55:02[114]	Soyuz 2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6	Success	Soyuz MS-19	ISS crew transport
14 October 2021 09:40:10[115]	Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat	Vostochny, Site 1S	Success	OneWeb (36 satellites) (Vostochny flight 6)	Communications
28 October 2021 00:00:32[116]	Soyuz 2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6	Success	Progress MS-18	ISS logistics
24 November 2021 13:06:35[117]	Soyuz 2.1b	Baikonur, Site 31/6	Success	Prichal	ISS assembly
25 November 2021 01:09:13[118]	Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat	Plesetsk, Site 43/4	Success	Kosmos 2552 (EKS-5, Tundra 15L)	Early warning
5 December 2021 00:19:20[119]	Soyuz ST-B / Fregat-MT	Guyana, ELS	Success	Galileo FOC FM23 Galileo FOC FM24	Navigation
8 December 2021 07:38:15[120]	Soyuz 2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6	Success	Soyuz MS-20	ISS crew transport and space tourism
27 December 2021 13:10:37[121]	Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat	Baikonur, Site 31/6	Success	OneWeb (36 satellites) (Baikonur flight 5)	Communications
5 February 2022 07:00:00[122]	Soyuz 2.1a / Fregat	Plesetsk, Site 43/4	Success	Neitron №1	Reconnaissance
10 February 2022 18:09:37[123]	Soyuz ST-B / Fregat-MT	Guyana, ELS	Success	OneWeb (34 satellites)	Communications
15 February 2022 04:25:39[124]	Soyuz 2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6	Success	Progress MS-19	ISS logistics
18 March 2022 15:55:18[125]	Soyuz 2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6	Success	Soyuz MS-21	ISS crew transport
22 March 2022 12:48:22[126]	Soyuz 2.1a / Fregat	Plesetsk, Site 43/4	Success	Meridian-M 10 (20L)	Military communications
7 April 2022 11:20:18[127]	Soyuz 2.1b	Plesetsk, Site 43/3	Success	Kosmos 2554 (Lotos-S1 No.5)	ELINT
19 May 2022 08:03:32[128]	Soyuz 2.1a	Plesetsk, Site 43/4	Success	Kosmos 2556 (Bars-M 3L)	Reconnaissance
3 June 2022 09:32:16[129]	Soyuz 2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6	Success	Progress MS-20	ISS logistics
7 July 2022 09:18:06[130]	Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43/4	Success	Kosmos 2557 (GLONASS-K 16L)	Navigation
9 August 2022 05:52:38[131]	Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M	Baikonur, Site 31/6	Success	Khayyam 16 rideshare cubesats	Earth observation
21 September 2022 13:54:49[132]	Soyuz 2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6	Success	Soyuz MS-22	ISS crew transport
10 October 2022 02:52:32[133]	Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43/3	Success	Kosmos 2559 (GLONASS-K 17L)	Navigation
22 October 2022 19:57:09[134]	Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M	Vostochny, Site 1S	Success	Gonets-M 23/24/25 (33L/34L/35L), Skif-D	Communications
26 October 2022 00:20:09[135]	Soyuz 2.1a	Baikonur Site 31/6	Success	Progress MS-21	ISS logistics
2 November 2022 06:47:48[136]	Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43/4	Success	Kosmos 2563 (EKS-6, Tundra 16L)	Early warning
28 November 2022 15:13:50[137]	Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43/3	Success	Kosmos 2564 (GLONASS-M 761)	Navigation
30 November 2022 21:10:25[138]	Soyuz 2.1b	Plesetsk, Site 43/4	Success	Kosmos 2565 (Lotos-S1 No.6) Kosmos 2566	ELINT
9 February 2023 06:15:36[139]	Soyuz 2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6	Success	Progress MS-22	ISS logistics
24 February 2023 00:24:29[140]	Soyuz 2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6	Success	Soyuz MS-23	ISS crew transport
23 March 2023 06:40:11[141]	Soyuz 2.1a	Plesetsk, Site 43/3	Success	Kosmos 2567 (Bars-M 4L)	Reconnaissance
24 May 2023 12:56:07[142]	Soyuz 2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6	Success	Progress MS-23	ISS logistics
26 May 2023 21:14:51[143]	Soyuz 2.1a / Fregat-M	Vostochny, Site 1S	Success	Kondor-FKA No.1	Reconnaissance
27 June 2023 11:34:49[144]	Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M	Vostochny, Site 1S	Success	Meteor-M No.2-3 42 rideshare satellites	Weather Various uses
7 August 2023 13:19:25[145]	Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43/3	Success	Kosmos 2569 (GLONASS-K2 13L)	Navigation
10 August 2023 23:10:57[146]	Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M	Vostochny, Site 1S	Success	Luna 25 (Luna-Glob lander)	Lunar exploration
23 August 2023 01:08:10[147]	Soyuz 2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6	Success	Progress MS-24	ISS logistics
15 September 2023 15:44:35[148]	Soyuz 2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6	Success	Soyuz MS-24	ISS crew transport
27 October 2023 06:04:43[149]	Soyuz 2.1b	Plesetsk, Site 43/3	Success	Kosmos 2570 (Lotos-S1 No.7) Kosmos 2571	ELINT
25 November 2023 20:58:06[150]	Soyuz 2.1b	Plesetsk, Site 43/4	Success	Kosmos 2572 (Razdan 1)	Reconnaissance
1 December 2023 09:25:11[151]	Soyuz 2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6	Success	Progress MS-25	ISS logistics
16 December 2023 09:17:48[152]	Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M	Baikonur, Site 31/6	Success	Arktika-M No.2	Meteorology
21 December 2023 08:48:39[153]	Soyuz 2.1b	Plesetsk, Site 43/4	Success	Kosmos 2573 (Bars-M 5L)	Reconnaissance
15 February 2024 03:25:05[154]	Soyuz 2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6	Success	Progress MS-26	ISS logistics
29 February 2024 05:43:26[155]	Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M	Vostochny, Site 1S	Success	Meteor-M No.2-4 18 rideshare satellites	Weather Various uses
23 March 2024 12:36:10[156]	Soyuz 2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6	Success	Soyuz MS-25	ISS crew transport
31 March 2024 09:36:45[157]	Soyuz 2.1b	Baikonur, Site 31/6	Success	Resurs-P No.4	Earth observation
16 May 2024 21:21:29[158]	Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43/4	Success	Kosmos 2576 (Nivelir-L №4) 9 rideshare satellites	Reconnaissance Various uses
30 May 2024 09:42:59[159]	Soyuz 2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6	Success	Progress MS-27	ISS logistics
15 August 2024 03:20:18[160]	Soyuz 2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6	Success	Progress MS-28	ISS logistics
11 September 2024 16:23:12[161]	Soyuz 2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6	Success	Soyuz MS-26	ISS crew transport
31 October 2024 07:51:31[162]	Soyuz 2.1a	Plesetsk, Site 43/4	Success	Kosmos 2579 (Bars-M 6L)	Reconnaissance
4 November 2024 23:18:40[163]	Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M	Vostochny, Site 1S	Success	Ionosfera-M №1 Ionosfera-M №2 53 rideshare satellites	Ionospheric research Various uses

Planned launches

Launch date Time (UTC)	Configuration	Spaceport	Result	Payload	Function	Remark
21 November 2024[164]	Soyuz 2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6	Scheduled	Progress MS-29	ISS logistics
27 November 2024	Soyuz 2.1b	Plesetsk, Site 43	Planned	Cosmos (Unknown Payload)
30 November 2024[165]	Soyuz 2.1a / Fregat-M	Vostochny, Site 1S	Planned	Kondor-FKA No.2	Reconnaissance
Q4 2024	Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43	Planned	GLONASS-K 18	Navigation
2024[166]	Soyuz 2.1a / Fregat	Plesetsk, Site 43	Planned	GLONASS-K2 No.2 (2xx)	Navigation
2024[167]	Soyuz 2.1a / Fregat	Plesetsk, Site 43	Planned	Meridian-M 11 (21L)	Communications
12 February 2025[164]	Soyuz 2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6	Scheduled	Progress MS-30	ISS logistics
17 March 2025[165]	Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M	Vostochny, Site 1S	Planned	Aist-2T №1 Aist-2T №2	Earth observation
20 March 2025[168]	Soyuz 2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31	Planned	Soyuz MS-27	ISS crew transport
May 2025[164]	Soyuz 2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6	Scheduled	Progress MS-31	ISS logistics
August 2025[164]	Soyuz 2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6	Scheduled	Progress MS-32	ISS logistics
September 2025[168]	Soyuz 2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31	Planned	Soyuz MS-28	ISS crew transport
October 2025[164]	Soyuz 2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6	Scheduled	Progress MS-33	ISS logistics
2025[169]	Soyuz 2.1a	Plesetsk, Site 43	Planned	Obzor-R №1	Earth observation
2025[165]	Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat	Vostochny, Site 1S	Planned	Ionosfera-M №3 Ionosfera-M №4	Ionospheric research
2025[170]	Soyuz 2.1a / Fregat	Vostochny, Site 1S	Planned	Meteor-M No.2-5	Weather
2025[171]	Soyuz 2.1b	Baikonur, Site 31/6	Planned	Bion-M No.2	Biological science
2025[172]	Soyuz 2.1b	Baikonur, Site 31	Planned	Resurs-P No.5	Earth observation
2025[165]	Soyuz 2.1b	Vostochny, Site 1S	Planned	Resurs-PM №1	Earth observation
2025[173][174]	Soyuz 2.1a / Fregat	Vostochny, Site 1S	Planned	Kondor-FKA-M No.1	Reconnaissance
2025[170]	Soyuz 2.1a / Fregat	Vostochny, Site 1S	Planned	Meteor-M No.2-6	Weather
2025[165]	Soyuz 2.1b	Vostochny, Site 1S	Planned	Resurs-PM №2	Earth observation
February 2026[164]	Soyuz 2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6	Scheduled	Progress MS-34	ISS logistics
March 2026[168]	Soyuz 2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31	Planned	Soyuz MS-29	ISS crew transport
May 2026[164]	Soyuz 2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6	Scheduled	Progress MS-35	ISS logistics
August 2026[164]	Soyuz 2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6	Scheduled	Progress MS-36	ISS logistics
September 2026[168]	Soyuz 2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31	Planned	Soyuz MS-30	ISS crew transport
October 2026[164]	Soyuz 2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6	Scheduled	Progress MS-37	ISS logistics
2027[175]	Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat	Vostochny, Site 1S	Planned	Luna 26	Lunar orbiter
	Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat	Plesetsk, Site 43	Planned	GLONASS-K 19–23	Navigation

See also

• Spaceflight portal

• Soyuz programme
• List of R-7 launches
• Medium-lift launch vehicle

Notes

1. 200 km (120 mi) circular LEO 51.8° inclination from Baikonur
2. 820 km (510 mi) SSO with Fregat from Guiana
3. 1,500 m/s (4,900 ft/s) Delta-V deficit GTO with Fregat from Guiana
4. with Fregat from Baikonur
5. with with Fregat from Guiana

References

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2. "The Soyuz-2 rocket series". Russian Space Web. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
3. Office, U. S. Government Accountability. "Surplus Missile Motors: Sale Price Drives Potential Effects on DOD and Commercial Launch Providers". www.gao.gov. Retrieved 5 July 2024.
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5. "SOYUZ-ST Launch Vehicle / Power Characteristics". Progress State Research and Production Rocket Space Center. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
6. "The Soyuz-2 rocket series". Russianspaceweb.
7. Конструкция разгонного блока "Фрегат" (in Russian). NPO Lavochkin. Archived from the original on 26 December 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
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10. Berger, Eric (26 February 2022). "Russia pulls out of European spaceport, abandoning a planned launch". Ars Technica. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
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12. Zak, Anatoly (1 June 2011). "Soyuz-2 to replace its predecessors". RussianSpaceWeb.com.
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14. Stephen Clark (26 July 2008). "Soyuz 2-1b rocket launches classified military payload". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 27 August 2014.
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20. Системы управления ракет-носителей Союз-2, Союз-СТ, Союз-2-1В [Control systems of launch vehicles Soyuz-2, Soyuz-ST, Soyuz 2-1V] (in Russian). N.A.Semikhatov NPO Automatika. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
21. V. M. Antimirov; A. B. Umansky; L. N. Shalimov (2013). Бортовые цифровые вычислительные системы семейства «Малахит» для работы в экстремальных условиях [Onboard digital computer systems of the "Malachite" family for extreme conditions.]. Vestnik Samara State Aerospace University (in Russian) (4 (42) UDC 629.7.05:004.3): 1. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
22. Размещение ракеты-носителя «Союз-2» на космодроме „Восточный“ пока остается под вопросом [The placement of Soyuz-2 at Vostochny Cosmodrome remains under question] (in Russian). Radio Ekho Moskvy. 1 October 2015. Retrieved 5 October 2015.
23. Zak, Anatoly. "Soyuz historic first mission from Vostochny". Russian Space Web. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
24. Clark, Stephen (22 October 2022). "Soyuz rocket launches with demo satellite for Russian internet constellation". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
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29. Six defense satellites launched by Soyuz rocket
30. Russian satellite crashes into Siberia after launch
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External links

• Encyclopedia Astronautica article on Soyuz 2.1
• Encyclopedia Astronautica article on Soyuz 2.1/Fregat
• European Space Agency about Soyuz-ST (Russian name Soyuz-STK)
• Soyuz User's Manual, from Starsem
• Soyuz-2 launch vehicle, from Roscosmos