Single tax

This article is about systems of taxation based on one tax. For the economic philosophy based on the writings of Henry George, see Georgism.

For the monthly newspaper, see The Single Tax. For the tax on unmarried people, see Bachelor tax.

A single tax is a system of taxation based mainly or exclusively on one tax, typically chosen for its special properties, often being a tax on land value.^[1][2]

Pierre Le Pesant, sieur de Boisguilbert and Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban were early advocates for a single tax, but, rejecting the claim that land has certain economic properties which make it uniquely suitable for taxation, they instead proposed a flat tax on all incomes.^[3]

In the late 19th and early 20th century, a populist single tax movement emerged which also sought to levy a single tax on the rental value of land and natural resources, but for somewhat different reasons.^[4] This "Single Tax" movement later became known as Georgism, after its most famous proponent Henry George. It proposed a simplified and equitable tax system that upholds natural rights and whose revenue is based exclusively on ground and natural resource rents, with no additional taxation of improvements such as buildings. Some libertarians advocate land value capture as a consistently ethical and non-distortionary means to fund the essential operations of government, the surplus rent being distributed as a type of guaranteed basic income, traditionally called the citizen's dividend, to compensate those members of society who by legal title have been deprived of an equal share of the earth's spatial value and equal access to natural opportunities (see geolibertarianism).

Related taxes derived in principle from the land value tax include Pigouvian taxes to internalize the external costs of pollution more efficiently than litigation, as well as severance taxes on raw material extraction to regulate the depletion of unreplenishable natural resources and to prevent irreparable damage to valuable ecosystems through unsustainable practices such as overfishing.

There have been other proposals for a single tax concerning property, goods, or income.^[5] Others have made proposals for a single tax based on other revenue models, such as the FairTax proposal for a consumption tax and various flat tax proposals on personal incomes.^[6]

See also

• Excess burden of taxation
• FairTax
• Flat tax
• Geolibertarianism
• Georgism
• Land value tax
• List of taxes
• Market distortion
• Optimal tax
• Proportional tax
• Single tax parties:
  • Henry George Justice Party (Australia)
  • Justice Party of Denmark
  • Single Tax League (Australia)
• Tax equity
• Tax incidence
• Tax reform
• Tax shift
• 9-9-9 Plan

References

1. "English definition of "single tax"". Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
2. Shearman, Thomas G. (1899). "The Single Tax: What and Why". American Journal of Sociology. 4 (6): 742–757. ISSN 0002-9602. The single tax, therefore, implies the total abolition of all taxes upon personal property, buildings, and improvements, of all custom tariffs, all excise duties, all stamp duties, all poll taxes, and, in short, every tax of every description, except that which is now levied upon the rent of bare land.
3. Steiner, Phillippe (2003) "Physiocracy and French Pre-Classical Political Economy", Chapter 5. in eds. Biddle, Jeff E, Davis, Jon B, & Samuels, Warren J.: A Companion to the History of Economic Thought. Blackwell Publishing, 2003.
4. Young, Nichols (1916). The single tax movement in the United States. Princeton University Press. Retrieved 2012-10-21.
5. Seligman (1894). "The Income Tax". Political Science Quarterly. 9 (4): 610–648. doi:10.2307/2139851. JSTOR 2139851.
6. "Calls for single 30% income tax rate"