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Second most hazardous gaseous isotopes after iodine-131 in case of release by a nuclear accident From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Naturally occurring ruthenium (44Ru) is composed of seven stable isotopes (of which two may in the future be found radioactive). Additionally, 27 radioactive isotopes have been discovered. Of these radioisotopes, the most stable are 106Ru, with a half-life of 373.59 days; 103Ru, with a half-life of 39.26 days and 97Ru, with a half-life of 2.9 days.
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Standard atomic weight Ar°(Ru) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Twenty-four other radioisotopes have been characterized with atomic weights ranging from 86.95 u (87Ru) to 119.95 u (120Ru). Most of these have half-lives that are less than five minutes, except 94Ru (half-life: 51.8 minutes), 95Ru (half-life: 1.643 hours), and 105Ru (half-life: 4.44 hours).
The primary decay mode before the most abundant isotope, 102Ru, is electron capture and the primary mode after is beta emission. The primary decay product before 102Ru is technetium and the primary product after is rhodium.
Because of the very high volatility of ruthenium tetroxide (RuO
4) ruthenium radioactive isotopes with their relative short half-life are considered as the second most hazardous gaseous isotopes after iodine-131 in case of release by a nuclear accident.[4][5][6] The two most important isotopes of ruthenium in case of nuclear accident are these with the longest half-life: 103Ru (39.26 days) and 106Ru (373.59 days).[5]
Nuclide [n 1] |
Z | N | Isotopic mass (Da) [n 2][n 3] |
Half-life [n 4] |
Decay mode [n 5] |
Daughter isotope [n 6] |
Spin and parity [n 7][n 4] |
Natural abundance (mole fraction) | |||||||||||
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Excitation energy[n 4] | Normal proportion | Range of variation | |||||||||||||||||
87Ru | 44 | 43 | 86.94918(64)# | 50# ms [>1.5 μs] | β+ | 87Tc | 1/2−# | ||||||||||||
88Ru | 44 | 44 | 87.94026(43)# | 1.3(3) s [1.2(+3−2) s] | β+ | 88Tc | 0+ | ||||||||||||
89Ru | 44 | 45 | 88.93611(54)# | 1.38(11) s | β+ | 89Tc | (7/2)(+#) | ||||||||||||
90Ru | 44 | 46 | 89.92989(32)# | 11.7(9) s | β+ | 90Tc | 0+ | ||||||||||||
91Ru | 44 | 47 | 90.92629(63)# | 7.9(4) s | β+ | 91Tc | (9/2+) | ||||||||||||
91mRu | 80(300)# keV | 7.6(8) s | β+ (>99.9%) | 91Tc | (1/2−) | ||||||||||||||
IT (<.1%) | 91Ru | ||||||||||||||||||
β+, p (<.1%) | 90Mo | ||||||||||||||||||
92Ru | 44 | 48 | 91.92012(32)# | 3.65(5) min | β+ | 92Tc | 0+ | ||||||||||||
93Ru | 44 | 49 | 92.91705(9) | 59.7(6) s | β+ | 93Tc | (9/2)+ | ||||||||||||
93m1Ru | 734.40(10) keV | 10.8(3) s | β+ (78%) | 93Tc | (1/2)− | ||||||||||||||
IT (22%) | 93Ru | ||||||||||||||||||
β+, p (.027%) | 92Mo | ||||||||||||||||||
93m2Ru | 2082.6(9) keV | 2.20(17) μs | (21/2)+ | ||||||||||||||||
94Ru | 44 | 50 | 93.911360(14) | 51.8(6) min | β+ | 94Tc | 0+ | ||||||||||||
94mRu | 2644.55(25) keV | 71(4) μs | (8+) | ||||||||||||||||
95Ru | 44 | 51 | 94.910413(13) | 1.643(14) h | β+ | 95Tc | 5/2+ | ||||||||||||
96Ru | 44 | 52 | 95.907598(8) | Observationally Stable[n 8] | 0+ | 0.0554(14) | |||||||||||||
97Ru | 44 | 53 | 96.907555(9) | 2.791(4) d | β+ | 97mTc | 5/2+ | ||||||||||||
98Ru | 44 | 54 | 97.905287(7) | Stable | 0+ | 0.0187(3) | |||||||||||||
99Ru | 44 | 55 | 98.9059393(22) | Stable | 5/2+ | 0.1276(14) | |||||||||||||
100Ru | 44 | 56 | 99.9042195(22) | Stable | 0+ | 0.1260(7) | |||||||||||||
101Ru[n 9] | 44 | 57 | 100.9055821(22) | Stable | 5/2+ | 0.1706(2) | |||||||||||||
101mRu | 527.56(10) keV | 17.5(4) μs | 11/2− | ||||||||||||||||
102Ru[n 9] | 44 | 58 | 101.9043493(22) | Stable | 0+ | 0.3155(14) | |||||||||||||
103Ru[n 9] | 44 | 59 | 102.9063238(22) | 39.26(2) d | β− | 103Rh | 3/2+ | ||||||||||||
103mRu | 238.2(7) keV | 1.69(7) ms | IT | 103Ru | 11/2− | ||||||||||||||
104Ru[n 9] | 44 | 60 | 103.905433(3) | Observationally Stable[n 10] | 0+ | 0.1862(27) | |||||||||||||
105Ru[n 9] | 44 | 61 | 104.907753(3) | 4.44(2) h | β− | 105Rh | 3/2+ | ||||||||||||
106Ru[n 9] | 44 | 62 | 105.907329(8) | 373.59(15) d | β− | 106Rh | 0+ | ||||||||||||
107Ru | 44 | 63 | 106.90991(13) | 3.75(5) min | β− | 107Rh | (5/2)+ | ||||||||||||
108Ru | 44 | 64 | 107.91017(12) | 4.55(5) min | β− | 108Rh | 0+ | ||||||||||||
109Ru | 44 | 65 | 108.91320(7) | 34.5(10) s | β− | 109Rh | (5/2+)# | ||||||||||||
110Ru | 44 | 66 | 109.91414(6) | 11.6(6) s | β− | 110Rh | 0+ | ||||||||||||
111Ru | 44 | 67 | 110.91770(8) | 2.12(7) s | β− | 111Rh | (5/2+) | ||||||||||||
112Ru | 44 | 68 | 111.91897(8) | 1.75(7) s | β− | 112Rh | 0+ | ||||||||||||
113Ru | 44 | 69 | 112.92249(8) | 0.80(5) s | β− | 113Rh | (5/2+) | ||||||||||||
113mRu | 130(18) keV | 510(30) ms | (11/2−) | ||||||||||||||||
114Ru | 44 | 70 | 113.92428(25)# | 0.53(6) s | β− (>99.9%) | 114Rh | 0+ | ||||||||||||
β−, n (<.1%) | 113Rh | ||||||||||||||||||
115Ru | 44 | 71 | 114.92869(14) | 740(80) ms | β− (>99.9%) | 115Rh | |||||||||||||
β−, n (<.1%) | 114Rh | ||||||||||||||||||
116Ru | 44 | 72 | 115.93081(75)# | 400# ms [>300 ns] | β− | 116Rh | 0+ | ||||||||||||
117Ru | 44 | 73 | 116.93558(75)# | 300# ms [>300 ns] | β− | 117Rh | |||||||||||||
118Ru | 44 | 74 | 117.93782(86)# | 200# ms [>300 ns] | β− | 118Rh | 0+ | ||||||||||||
119Ru | 44 | 75 | 118.94284(75)# | 170# ms [>300 ns] | |||||||||||||||
120Ru | 44 | 76 | 119.94531(86)# | 80# ms [>300 ns] | 0+ | ||||||||||||||
This table header & footer: |
IT: | Isomeric transition |
n: | Neutron emission |
p: | Proton emission |