Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
Conflict between the Ottoman and Russian Empires / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Russo-Turkish War (Turkish: 93 Harbi, lit. 'War of '93', named for the year 1293 in the Islamic calendar; Russian: Русско-турецкая война, romanized: Russko-turetskaya voyna, "Russian–Turkish war") was a conflict between the Ottoman Empire and a coalition led by the Russian Empire which included Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro.[14] Fought in the Balkans and in the Caucasus, it originated in emerging 19th-century Balkan nationalism. Additional factors included the Russian goals of recovering territorial losses endured during the Crimean War of 1853–1856, re-establishing itself in the Black Sea and supporting the political movement attempting to free Balkan nations from the Ottoman Empire.
Russo-Turkish War | |||||||||
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Part of the Great Eastern Crisis and the Russo-Turkish wars | |||||||||
Clockwise, from top left: the Action off Măcin, the Battle of Shipka Pass, the Battle of Tashkessen, the Siege of Plevna | |||||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||||
Romania Serbia Montenegro Serbian rebels Greek rebels |
Imamate rebels Abkhazian rebels | ||||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
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Strength | |||||||||
Ottoman Empire: Initial: 70,000 in the Caucasus Total: 281,000[5] Spring of 1877 Olender: 490,000–530,000 Barry: 378,000 | |||||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||||
Total: 96,733–111,166[6][7]
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Total: 90,000–120,000[10]
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500,000–1.5 million Turkish, Albanian and Jewish civilians displaced[12][13] |
The Russian-led coalition won the war, pushing the Ottomans back all the way to the gates of Constantinople, leading to the intervention of the Western European great powers. As a result, Russia succeeded in claiming provinces in the Caucasus, namely Kars and Batum, and also annexed the Budjak region. The principalities of Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro, each of which had had de facto sovereignty for some years, formally proclaimed independence from the Ottoman Empire. After almost five centuries of Ottoman domination (1396–1878), Bulgaria emerged as an autonomous state with support and military intervention from Russia.