Robert I, Latin Emperor

Robert I (died 1228), also known as Robert of Courtenay, was Latin Emperor of Constantinople from 1221 until his death in 1228. He was a younger son of the emperor Peter II of Courtenay, and Yolanda of Flanders.^[1]

Robert I
Latin Emperor of Constantinople
Reign	25 March 1221 – 1228
Coronation	25 March 1221
Predecessor	Yolande
Successor	Baldwin II
Died	1228 Morea, Principality of Achaea
Spouse	Lady of Neuville
House	House of Courtenay
Father	Peter II of Courtenay
Mother	Yolanda of Flanders

When it became known in France that Peter of Courtenay was dead, his eldest son, Philip, Marquis of Namur, renounced the succession to the Latin empire of Constantinople in favor of his brother Robert, who set out to take possession of his distracted inheritance.^[1] On the way to his new homeland, Robert stayed in Hungary from autumn 1220 to early 1221, enjoying the hospitality of his brother-in-law Andrew II of Hungary. It is possible that Villard de Honnecourt also belonged to his entourage. Robert and Andrew made political alliance against Theodore Komnenos Doukas, Despot of Epirus. Andrew II and his heir Béla escorted Robert until the Bulgarian border. There Robert mediated the wedding between Tsar Ivan Asen II and Andrew's daughter, Anna Maria.^[2]

Crowned emperor on 25 March 1221, Robert's first loss was Thessalonica in 1224 to Theodore Doukas of Epirus.^[3] Worried about the situation of the Catholic Latin Empire, pope Honorius III called for a crusade for the defense of Thessalonica,^[3] but the response was ineffective.^[3] In the same year, Robert's empire would suffer another defeat to John Ducas Vatatzes at the Battle of Poimanenos.^[4]

Following this defeat Robert was compelled to make peace with his chief foe, John III Ducas Vatatzes, emperor of Nicaea, who was confirmed in all his conquests. Robert promised to marry Eudokia, daughter of the late emperor of Nicaea, Theodore I Lascaris^[5] and Anna Angelina. He had been betrothed to Eudokia on a former occasion; the circumstances surrounding the failed negotiations are unclear, but George Akropolites states that the arrangement was blocked on religious grounds by the Orthodox Patriarch Manuel Sarantenos: Robert's sister Marie de Courtenay was married to Emperor Theodore I Laskaris. Accordingly, Robert, already Theodore's brother-in-law, could not also be his son-in-law.^[6] Regardless, Robert soon repudiated this engagement, and married the Lady of Neuville, already the fiancée of a Burgundian gentleman. Heading a conspiracy, the Burgundian drove Robert from Constantinople, he fled to Rome to seek redress from the pope who convinced him to return to Constantinople, but on his return trip, in early 1228, the emperor died in Morea.^[3]

Notes

1. Nicol 1993, p. 12-13.
2. Bárány 2016, pp. 71–74.
3. Nicol 1993, p. 13.
4. Tricht 2013, p. 1000.
5. A Chronology of the Byzantine Empire, editor T. Venning, Palgrave Macmillan, 2006, 567
6. Akropolites 2007, p. 157-158.

References

• Akropolites, George (2007). Macrides, Ruth (ed.). The History:Introduction, Translation and Commentary. Oxford University Press.
• Angold, Michael (2011). "The Latin Empire of Constantinople, 1204–1261: Marriage Strategies". Identities and Allegiances in the Eastern Mediterranean after 1204. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing Limited. pp. 47–68. ISBN 9781409410980.
• Bárány, Attila (2016). "Courtenay Róbert Magyarországon (1220–1221) [Robert of Courtenay in Hungary (1220–1221)]". In Bárány, Attila; Benkő, Elek; Kárpáti, Zoltán (eds.). Pilisi gótika. II. András francia kapcsolatai (in Hungarian). Ferenczy Múzeumi Centrum. pp. 71–76. ISBN 978-963-508-837-9.
• Nicol, Donald M. (1993) [1972]. The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261-1453 (2. ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521439916.
• Ostrogorsky, George (1956). History of the Byzantine State. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
• Perry, Guy (2013). John of Brienne: King of Jerusalem, Emperor of Constantinople, c. 1175–1237. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107043107.
• Tricht, Filip Van (2013). "Robert of Courtenay (1221-1227): An Idiot on the Throne of Constantinople?". Speculum. 88 (4 October). The University of Chicago Press.

Robert I, Latin Emperor House of Courtenay  Died: 1228
Regnal titles
Vacant Title last held by Yolanda of Flanders	Latin Emperor of Constantinople 1221–1228	Succeeded by Baldwin II of Constantinople

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Robert of Courtenay". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 401.