Right-wing populism
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Right-wing populism, also called right populism,[1][2][3][lower-alpha 1] is a political ideology that combines right-wing politics with populist rhetoric and themes. Its rhetoric employs anti-elitist sentiments, opposition to the Establishment, and speaking to or for the "common people". Recurring themes of right-wing populists include neo-nationalism, social conservatism, economic nationalism and fiscal conservatism.[5] Frequently, they aim to defend a national culture, identity, and economy against perceived attacks by outsiders.[6] Like all forms of populism, right-wing populism has associations with authoritarianism,[7][8] while some far right-wing populists draw comparisons to fascism.[9][10]
Right-wing populism in the Western world is generally associated with ideologies such as anti-environmentalism,[11] anti-globalization,[12][13] nativism,[12][14][15] and protectionism.[16] In Europe, the term is often used to describe groups, politicians, and political parties generally known for their opposition to immigration,[12][17] especially from the Muslim world,[12][18] and for Euroscepticism.[19] Right-wing populists may support expanding the welfare state, but only for those they deem fit to receive it;[20] this concept has been referred to as "welfare chauvinism".[21][22][23][24][25] Since the Great Recession,[26][27][28] European right-wing populist movements such as the Brothers of Italy and the League in Italy, the National Rally (formerly the National Front), the Party for Freedom and the Forum for Democracy in the Netherlands, All for Latvia, the Finns Party, the Sweden Democrats, Danish People's Party, Vox in Spain, the Freedom Party of Austria, Law and Justice in Poland, the UK Independence Party, the Alternative for Germany, the Swiss People's Party and Reform UK (formerly the Brexit Party) began to grow in popularity,[29][30] in large part due to increasing opposition to immigration from the Middle East and Africa, rising Euroscepticism and discontent with the economic policies of the European Union.[31]
From the 1990s, right-wing populist parties became established in the legislatures of various democracies. Right-wing populism has remained the dominant political force in the Republican Party in the United States since the 2010s.[32]Although extreme right-wing movements in the United States (where they are normally referred to as the "radical right") are usually characterized as separate entities, some writers consider them to be a part of a broader, right-wing populist phenomenon.[33] American businessman and media personality Donald Trump won the 2016 United States presidential election after running on a platform that was founded on right-wing populist themes.[34]