Archeological culture in Western Europe From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Pyrenean Bronze (also known as Northeastern Bronze) is a regional European Bronze Age culture, known from archaeological facies, that spread through the Spanish provinces of Girona, Barcelona, Lleida and the eastern half of Huesca; also it spread through the French departments of the Pyrenees-Orientales and Aude.[1]
Quick Facts Alternative names, Geographical range ...
Pyrenean Bronze
Alternative names
North-East Bronze or Northeastern Bronze
Geographical range
provinces of Lleida, Barcelona and Girona, departments of Pyrénees-Orientales and Aude
From the Bell Beaker culture (2750-2300 BC), two regional styles appeared in Catalonia, one being the Pyrenean and the other the Salomó (from which the North-East Group was derived). These two styles coexisted at the same time in the provinces of Barcelona and the south of Lleida. From 1650 A.C. the Pyrenean ceramic style gave way to carinated cups, to pots with smooth or digitated cords, as well as to vessels with button appendages on the handle.[2]
Few settlements are known: Lo Lladre (Llo, Pyrenees-Orientales), Collet de Brics (Ardèvol, Lleida), Institut A. Pous (Manlleu, Barcelona), Roques del Sarró (Lleida), Cedre (Santa Coloma, Andorra).
Advanced bronze metallurgy was developed: flat axes,[3][4] needles, rivet daggers, arrowheads, as well as a diadem and two spiral bracelets found in the Montanissell cave. Possibly many of the techniques used had a North Italian origin in the Polada culture (2200–1600 BC).[5][6]
Dolmen of Molers, in SaldesDolmen of Maioles, in RubióCarinated bowl with epicampaniforme decoration, from La Riba site (Sant Just Desvern, Barcelona)
Several funeral formats were used:
pits such as Mas d’en Boixos (Pacs, Barcelona),[7] Bosc del Quer (Sant Julià de Vilatorta, Barcelona),[8] Can Bonastre (Martorell, Barcelona).
reuse of silos, such as Camp Cinzano (1950-1650 BC).
reuse of Chalcolithic hypogea: Carrer Paris (Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona).
hypogean pits (wells with a side chamber), for collective use: Mas d’en Boixos (Pacs, Barcelona),[9] Bosc del Quer (Sant Julià de Vilatorta, Barcelona), Can Bonastre (Martorell, Barcelona).
cists like Camp Cinzano (Vilafranca del Penedès, Barcelona),[10] or Vall de Miarnau (Llardecans, Lleida).[11]
caves with collective burials: Bòfia de Sant Jaume[ca] (Montmajor, Barcelona), Cova M del Cingle Blanc (Arbolí, Tarragona), Cova de la Pesseta (Torrelles de Foix, Barcelona), Galls Carboners (Mont-ral, Tarragona),[12]Cova del Gegant[ca] (Sitges, Barcelona),[13] Montanissell cave (Call de Nargó, Lleida).[14]
paradolmens or cave-dolmens such Tossal Gros (Torroella de Montgrí)[ca] in Girona, Masia (Torrelles de Foix, Barcelona), Tafania (Ventalló, Girona), Balma dels Ossos[ca] (Sallent, Barcelona), Cova Verda (Sitges, Barcelona), etc.
dolmens (Pyrenean chambers or simple chambers) with stone mounds: Creu de la Llosa, Serrat d'en Jacques, Santes Masses (Solsona, Lleida), Dolmen de Molers[ca] (Saldes, Barcelona), Castelltallat (Sant Mateu de Bages, Barcelona), Serra de Clarena (Castellfollit del Boix, Barcelona), Maioles (Rubió, Barcelona), etc.[15][16][17]
With regard to the megalithic traditions of the Pyrenean Bronze Age, the menhir and cromlech of Mas Baleta (La Jonquera, Girona) also must be included.[18]
Some individuals who lived in the Pyrenean Bronze area were geneticaly tested. From the collective funerary cave known as Grotte Basse de la Vigne Perdue, near Narbonne, an individual was assigned to Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b-Z195 (being its ancestor Haplogroup R-DF27).[19] Also from another collective funerary cave, the Cova del Gegant (Sitges, Barcelona), a male from the middle of the second millennium was assigned to Y-chromosome R1b-P310. Another individual from the Can Roqueta II necropolis in Sabadell (Barcelona), was from the subclade R1b-P312.[20] A male buried in the collective inhumation hypogeum found in Miquel Vives street (Terrassa, Barcelona), also was assigned to R1b-P310.[21]
Maya, J. L. (1992). "Chalcolithic and Bronze Age in Catalonia. In: AA.VV. Aragon/Mediterranean Coast. Cultural exchanges during Prehistory. In Homage to Juan Maluquer de Motes". Zaragoza: Institución Fernando el Católico: 515–554.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
BARCELÓ, JOAN A. (2008). "THE CHRONO-CULTURAL SEQUENCE OF CATALAN PREHISTORY. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF RADIOMETRIC DATING FROM THE BEGINNING OF THE HOLOCENE TO THE IRON AGE". Cypsela. 17: 65–88.
Carlús Martín, Xavier (2014–2016). "L'Establiment calcolític de Bosc del Quer (Sant Julià de Vilatorta, Osona, Barcelona). Estudi de les principals estructures i de les ceràmiques d'estil campaniforme". Cypsela. 20: 63–84.
Bouso, Mònica (2004). "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TWO EARLY BRONZE SETTLEMENTS IN THE CATALAN PRELITTORAL DEPRESSION: CAN ROQUETA II (SABADELL, VALLÈS OCCIDENTAL) AND MAS D'EN BOIXOS-1 (PACS DEL PENEDÈS, ALT PENEDÈS)". Cypsela (15): 73–101.
Soriano, Ignacio (2014). "The geminated vase from Camp Cinzano (Vilafranca del Penedès, Barcelona) and the northeast - levante - Ebro Valley relations during the Bronze Age". Revista d'Arqueologia de Ponent (24): 9–25.
Vergès, Josep Maria (2016–2017). "LA COVA DELS GALLS CARBONERS (MONT-RAL, ALT CAMP), UNA CAVITAT D'INHUMACIÓ COL·LECTIVA DURANT L'EDAT DEL BRONZE". Butlletí Arqueològic. V (38–39): 17–43.
Cura Morera, Miguel (1987). "Origen i evolució del megalitisme a les comarques centrals i occidentals de Catalunya I: Del neolític mitjà a l'edat de bronze". Cota Zero (3): 76–83.
Vilardell, Rosó (1987). "Origen i evolució del megalitisme a les comarques centrals i occidentals de Catalunya II: L'edat de bronze". Cota Zero (3): 84–91.