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Mexico , officially the United Mexican States , is a country in the southern portion of North America . It covers 1,972,550 km2 (761,610 sq mi), making it the world's 13th-largest country by area; with a population of almost 130 million, it is the 10th-most-populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country. Mexico is organized as a federal constitutional republic comprising 31 states and Mexico City , its capital. It shares land borders with the United States to the north, with Guatemala and Belize to the southeast; as well as maritime borders with the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Caribbean Sea to the southeast, and the Gulf of Mexico to the east.
Human presence in Pre-Columbian Mexico dates back to 8,000 BC , making it one of the world's six cradles of civilization . The Mesoamerican region hosted various intertwined civilizations, including the Olmec , Maya , Zapotec , Teotihuacan , and Purepecha . The Aztecs came to dominate the area prior to European contact . In 1521, the Spanish Empire , alongside indigenous allies, conquered the Aztec Empire , establishing the colony of New Spain in the former capital, Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City ). Over the next three centuries, Spanish expansion enforced Christianity , spread the Spanish language, and exploited rich silver deposits in Zacatecas and Guanajuato . The colonial era ended in the early nineteenth century with the Mexican War of Independence . (Full article... )
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The Battle of San Patricio was fought on February 27, 1836, between Texian rebels and the Mexican army, during the Texas Revolution . The battle occurred as a result of the outgrowth of the Texian Matamoros Expedition . The battle marked the start of the Goliad Campaign , the Mexican offensive to retake the Texas Gulf Coast . It took place in and around San Patricio .
By the end of 1835, all Mexican troops had been driven from Texas.
Frank W. Johnson , the commander of the volunteer army in Texas, and
James Grant gathered volunteers for a planned invasion of the Mexican port town of
Matamoros . In February 1836, Johnson and about 40 men led a herd of horses to
San Patricio in preparation for the expedition. Johnson assigned some of his troops to a ranch 4 miles (6.4
km) outside town to guard the horses, while the rest of his men garrisoned in three different locations in town. (
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Mural by Diego Rivera showing the pre-Columbian Aztec city of Tenochtitlán . In the Palacio Nacional in Mexico City .
Mexican muralism refers to the art project initially funded by the Mexican government in the immediate wake of the
Mexican Revolution (1910-1920) to depict visions of Mexico's past, present, and future, transforming the walls of many public buildings into didactic scenes designed to reshape Mexicans' understanding of the nation's history. The
murals , large artworks painted onto the walls themselves had social, political, and historical messages. Beginning in the 1920s, the muralist project was headed by a group of artists known as "The Big Three" or "The Three Greats". This group was composed of
Diego Rivera ,
José Clemente Orozco and
David Alfaro Siqueiros . Although not as prominent as the Big Three, women also created murals in Mexico. From the 1920s to the 1970s, murals with nationalistic, social and political messages were created in many public settings such as chapels, schools, government buildings, and much more. The popularity of the Mexican muralist project started a tradition which continues to this day in
Mexico ; a tradition that has had a significant impact in other parts of the Americas, including the
United States , where it served as inspiration for the
Chicano art movement . (
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Antonio Ezequiel Cárdenas Guillén (5 March 1962 – 5 November 2010), commonly referred to by his alias Tony Tormenta ("Tony Storm"), was a Mexican drug lord and co-leader of the Gulf Cartel , a drug trafficking organization based in Tamaulipas . He headed the criminal group along with Jorge Eduardo Costilla Sánchez . Antonio was considered by Mexican security forces as one of Mexico's most-wanted men .
Born in
Matamoros, Tamaulipas , Antonio initially worked as a car washer at a local police station with his brother
Osiel Cárdenas Guillén , former leader of the cartel. By the late 1980s, he entered the drug trade, and later became the crime boss of Matamoros, where he controlled the city's drug trafficking shipments and all organized crime activities. Few details were known of Antonio's criminal career prior to 1999, when his brother Osiel
confronted federal agents at gunpoint with several of his gunmen in Matamoros. In 1998, Antonio avoided arrest after
FBI and
DEA agents tracked his whereabouts inside a domicile in Houston. Back in Mexico, his brother Osiel was the Gulf Cartel's main leader and had created a paramilitary squad known as
Los Zetas , formed by soldiers who left the Mexican military. (
Full article... )
Diego Rivera (Spanish pronunciation: [ ˈdjeɣo riˈβeɾa] ; December 8, 1886 – November 24, 1957), was a prominent Mexican painter. His large frescoes helped establish the mural movement in Mexican and international art.
Between 1922 and 1953, Rivera painted
murals in, among other places,
Mexico City ,
Chapingo , and
Cuernavaca , Mexico; and
San Francisco ,
Detroit , and
New York City , United States. In 1931, a retrospective exhibition of his works was held at the
Museum of Modern Art in New York; this was before he completed his 27-mural series known as
Detroit Industry Murals . (
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Tostilocos (also Dorilocos ) are a popular Mexican antojito (street food) that consist of a varied mix of ingredients that usually includes Tostitos or Doritos tortilla chips , topped with cueritos (pickled pork rinds), cucumber , jícama , lime juice , hot sauce , chamoy , chili powder , salt, and "Japanese peanuts " (sometimes referred to as "cracker nuts"). The dish was first conceived in the late 1990s by street vendors in Mexico.
In the 21st century, Tostilocos are now commonly sold by street vendors, stadium vendors, and at
Mexican juice bars in both Mexico and the
Southwestern United States . (
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The following are images from various Mexico-related articles on Wikipedia.
Image 1 Battle of Centla, the first time a horse was used in battle in a war in the Americas. Mural in the Palacio Municipal of Paraíso,
Tabasco (from
History of Mexico )
Image 2 Buffalo Soldiers of the American
10th Cavalry Regiment taken prisoner during the
Battle of Carrizal , Mexico in 1916. (from
History of Mexico )
Image 3 The first
Braceros arrive in
Los Angeles by train in 1942. Photograph by
Dorothea Lange . (from
History of Mexico )
Image 5 Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz (from
History of Mexico )
Image 8 Mexico City street market (from
History of Mexico )
Image 9 A unit of Cristeros preparing for battle. (from
History of Mexico )
Image 10 Logo of
Nacional Financiera (NAFIN), the state development bank. (from
History of Mexico )
Image 11 Victoriano Huerta , ruler of Mexico from 1913 to 1914 (from
History of Mexico )
Image 12 Singer and actor Pedro Infante, one of the leading figures of the
Golden Age of Mexican Cinema . (from
Culture of Mexico )
Image 13 U.S. President
Barack Obama and Mexican President-Elect
Enrique Peña Nieto during their meet at the
White House following Peña Nieto's
election victory. (from
History of Mexico )
Image 14 The Execution of Emperor Maximilian , 19 June 1867. Gen.
Tomás Mejía , left, Maximilian, center, Gen.
Miguel Miramón , right. Painting by
Édouard Manet 1868. (from
History of Mexico )
Image 15 Goddess, mural painting from the Tetitla apartment complex at Teotihuacan, Mexico, 650–750 CE (from
History of Mexico )
Image 16 Pear ,
Quince and
Psidium cajeta . In 2010 declared the
Bicentennial Dessert of Mexico. (from
Culture of Mexico )
Image 17 Comanchería, territory controlled by the Comanches, prior to 1850 (from
History of Mexico )
Image 18 Entry into Mexico City by the Mexican army (from
History of Mexico )
Image 19 Colossal atlantids, pyramid B, Toltec, Tula, Mexico, ca. 900–1180 AD (from
History of Mexico )
Image 20 Cerro del Cubilete ("Dice Cup Hill"). At the top of the hill is the
Cristo Rey (
Christ the
King ) statue. (from
Culture of Mexico )
Image 21 Teotihuacan view of the Avenue of the Dead and the
Pyramid of the Sun , from the
Pyramid of the Moon (from
History of Mexico )
Image 22 Portrait and book by
Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz , Baroque poet and writer. (from
Culture of Mexico )
Image 23 Logo of the
Partido Nacional Revolucionario , with the colors of the Mexican flag (from
History of Mexico )
Image 24 General
Pancho Villa at the entrance of Ojinaga (from
History of Mexico )
Image 25 Exconvento (Ex-convent), by
José María Velasco . 1860. (from
Culture of Mexico )
Image 26 Liberación (Liberation).
Jorge González Camarena . 1908. (from
Culture of Mexico )
Image 27 Chihuahua Cathedral and a monument to the city's founder,
Antonio Deza y Ulloa (from
History of Mexico )
Image 28 Modern group monument of
Cortés ,
Doña Marina , and their
mestizo son Martín (from
History of Mexico )
Image 29 El Chapo in US custody after his extradition from Mexico. (from
History of Mexico )
Image 30 Spanish and Portuguese empires in 1790 (from
History of Mexico )
Image 33 Dining table , painted between 1857 y 1859, oleo sobre tela (oil on canvas) by
Agustín Arrieta (from
Culture of Mexico )
Image 34 Chacmool , Maya, from the Platform of the Eagles, Chichen Itza, Mexico, ca. 800–90 CE (from
History of Mexico )
Image 35 Shield Jaguar and
Lady Xoc , Maya, lintel 24 of temple 23, Yaxchilan, Mexico, ca. 725 ce. (from
History of Mexico )
Image 36 Surrender of Santa Anna by
William Henry Huddle shows the Mexican president and general surrendering to a wounded
Sam Houston in 1836. (from
History of Mexico )
Image 37 A statue of a
Chichimeca Warrior in the city of
Querétaro (from
History of Mexico )
Image 38 Distribution of linguistic groups around 1500. (from
Culture of Mexico )
Image 39 "The Torture of
Cuauhtémoc ", a 19th-century painting by
Leandro Izaguirre (from
History of Mexico )
Image 41 Lázaro Cárdenas mural (from
History of Mexico )
Image 42 Three world leaders: (background, left to right) Mexican President
Carlos Salinas de Gortari , U.S. President
George H. W. Bush , and Canadian Prime Minister
Brian Mulroney , observe the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement. (from
History of Mexico )
Image 43 President Obregón. Note that he lost his right arm in the
Battle of Celaya (1915), earning him the nickname of
Manco de Celaya ("the one-armed man of Celaya"). (from
History of Mexico )
Image 44 La huida a Egipto (The Flight into Egypt).
Miguel Cabrera , around 1700. (from
Culture of Mexico )
Image 45 Sawdust carpet made during "The night no one sleeps" in Huamantla, Tlaxcala (from
Culture of Mexico )
Image 46 Panel 3 from Cancuen, Guatemala, representing king T'ah 'ak' Cha'an (from
History of Mexico )
Image 47 Toltec carving representing the Aztec Eagle, found in
Veracruz , 10th–13th century.
Metropolitan Museum of Art . (from
History of Mexico )
Image 50 President Vicente Fox with Prime Minister of India
Manmohan Singh (from
History of Mexico )
Image 52 Variegated maize ears (from
History of Mexico )
Image 53 Club América vs Cruz Azul at the
Estadio Azteca . (from
Culture of Mexico )
Image 56 Mexican Army troops in the
Zócalo in the 1968
Tlatelolco massacre . (from
History of Mexico )
Image 57 Mexican Central Railway train at station, Mexico (from
History of Mexico )
Image 58 The Castillo, Chichen Itza, Mexico, ca. 800–900 CE (from
History of Mexico )
Image 59 President Carranza in
La Cañada, Querétaro , January 22, 1916. (from
History of Mexico )
Image 61 Alegoría de la Constitución de 1857 ,
Petronilo Monroy , 1869. (from
History of Mexico )
Image 62 Murals of Bonampak (between 580 and 800 AD) (from
Culture of Mexico )
Image 63 La leyenda de los volcanes (The legend of the volcanoes).
Saturnino Herrán . 1910-1912. (from
Culture of Mexico )
Image 64 Porfirio Díaz (from
History of Mexico )
Image 65 Gilberto Bosques Saldívar took the initiative to rescue tens of thousands of Jews and
Spanish Republican exiles from being deported to
Nazi Germany or Spain. (from
History of Mexico )
Image 66 A map of Mexico 1845 after Texas annexation by the U.S. (from
History of Mexico )
Image 67 Agustín de Iturbide the first
Emperor of Mexico (from
History of Mexico )
Image 68 Making cigarettes in the
El Buen Tono factory, Mexico City (from
History of Mexico )
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