Portal:Horses
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The Horses PortalThe horse (Equus ferus caballus) is a domesticated, one-toed, hoofed mammal. It belongs to the taxonomic family Equidae and is one of two extant subspecies of Equus ferus. The horse has evolved over the past 45 to 55 million years from a small multi-toed creature, close to Eohippus, into the large, single-toed animal of today. Humans began domesticating horses around 4000 BCE, and their domestication is believed to have been widespread by 3000 BCE. Horses in the subspecies caballus are domesticated, although some domesticated populations live in the wild as feral horses. These feral populations are not true wild horses, which are horses that never have been domesticated and historically linked to the megafauna category of species. There is an extensive, specialized vocabulary used to describe equine-related concepts, covering everything from anatomy to life stages, size, colors, markings, breeds, locomotion, and behavior. Horses are adapted to run, allowing them to quickly escape predators, and possess a good sense of balance and a strong fight-or-flight response. Related to this need to flee from predators in the wild is an unusual trait: horses are able to sleep both standing up and lying down, with younger horses tending to sleep significantly more than adults. Female horses, called mares, carry their young for approximately 11 months and a young horse, called a foal, can stand and run shortly following birth. Most domesticated horses begin training under a saddle or in a harness between the ages of two and four. They reach full adult development by age five, and have an average lifespan of between 25 and 30 years. Horse breeds are loosely divided into three categories based on general temperament: spirited "hot bloods" with speed and endurance; "cold bloods", such as draft horses and some ponies, suitable for slow, heavy work; and "warmbloods", developed from crosses between hot bloods and cold bloods, often focusing on creating breeds for specific riding purposes, particularly in Europe. There are more than 300 breeds of horse in the world today, developed for many different uses. (Full article...)
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- ... that Eurythmic was a versatile Australian-bred Thoroughbred racehorse who won over distances ranging from 5 furlongs (1,000 metres) to 2 miles (3,200 metres)?
- ... that Sheila Varian of California is an Arabian horse breeder who is also a horse trainer in the vaquero tradition, and was inducted into the National Cowgirl Museum and Hall of Fame in 2003?
- .....that Tranquil Star is the only mare to have won the double of the Caulfield Stakes, now known as the Yalumba Stakes, and the Cox Plate?
- ... that a modern hippodrama, featuring 32 horses, was shown in London in September 2009?
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The Haflinger, also known as the Avelignese, is a breed of horse developed in Austria and northern Italy (namely Hafling in South Tyrol region) during the late 19th century. Haflinger horses are relatively small, are always chestnut with flaxen mane and tail, have distinctive gaits described as energetic but smooth, and are well-muscled yet elegant. The breed traces its ancestry to the Middle Ages; several theories for its origin exist. Haflingers, developed for use in mountainous terrain, are known for their hardiness. Their current conformation and appearance are the result of infusions of bloodlines from Arabian and various European breeds into the original native Tyrolean ponies. The foundation sire, 249 Folie, was born in 1874; by 1904, the first breeders' cooperative was formed. All Haflingers can trace their lineage back to Folie through one of seven bloodlines. World Wars I and II, as well as the Great Depression, had a detrimental effect on the breed, and lower-quality animals were used at times to save the breed from extinction. During World War II, breeders focused on horses that were shorter and more draft-like, favored by the military for use as packhorses. The emphasis after the war shifted toward animals of increased refinement and height.
In the postwar era, the Haflinger was indiscriminately crossed with other breeds and some observers feared the breed was in renewed danger of extinction. However, starting in 1946, breeders focused on producing purebred Haflingers and a closed stud book was created. Interest in the breed increased in other countries, and between 1950 and 1974, the population grew, even while the overall European horse population decreased. Population numbers continued to increase steadily, and as of 2005, almost 250,000 Haflingers existed worldwide. Breeding farms are in several countries, although most of the breeding stock still comes from Austria. In 2003, a Haflinger became the first horse to be cloned, resulting in a filly named Prometea. (Full article...)Did you know (auto-generated)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Nuvola_apps_filetypes.svg/47px-Nuvola_apps_filetypes.svg.png)
- ... that in Ryūnosuke Akutagawa's retelling of the Tang dynasty short story "Du Zichun", a son grieves for his mother who has been reborn as a horse?
- ... that the plant Dyssodia papposa was given to horses for coughs by the Dakota and smoked for epilepsy by the Keres?
- ... that Caulfield railway station had a ticket office for the adjacent racecourse and a platform for delivering horses to it?
- ... that when the Numidian king Syphax attempted to rally his fleeing army at the Battle of Cirta he was thrown from his horse and captured?
- ... that Martin Pipe's training methods for steeplechasers were so effective, he was investigated twice for cheating?
- ... that a media columnist in Columbus, Georgia, opined: "If TV-16 was a horse, it would have been shot long ago"?
General images
- Image 1A dehydrated anatomical specimen (from Equine anatomy)
- Image 4alt=Muscles of the Horse Torso (from Equine anatomy)
- Image 5Equus caballus germanicus front leg, teeth and upper jaw at the Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin (from Domestication of the horse)
- Image 6Extinct equids restored to scale. Left to right: Mesohippus, Neohipparion, Eohippus, Equus scotti and Hypohippus. (from Evolution of the horse)
- Image 7Pliohippus pernix (from Evolution of the horse)
- Image 9Drawing of a horse, a mammoth, a rhinoceros in the Shulgan-Tash Cave, 25-10 thousand years B.C. (from Domestication of the horse)
- Image 11Terracotta urn in the shape of a horse (Iran, 1000 BCE) at the Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library (from Domestication of the horse)
- Image 12Points of a horse (from Equine anatomy)
- Image 13A horse's eye (from Equine anatomy)
- Image 14Eohippus, with left forefoot (third metacarpal colored) and tooth (a, enamel; b, dentin; c, cement) detailed (from Evolution of the horse)
- Image 15A horse's skeleton (from Equine anatomy)
- Image 16Protohippus simus (from Evolution of the horse)
- Image 17Skeletal evolution (from Evolution of the horse)
- Image 19The early stages of domestication were marked by a rapid increase in coat color variation. (from Domestication of the horse)
- Image 20Skull of a giant extinct horse, Equus eisenmannae (from Evolution of the horse)
- Image 22The dispersal of the DOM2 genetic lineage, believed to be the ancestor of all modern domesticated horses, is linked with the populations which preceded the Sintashta culture and their expansions. (from Domestication of the horse)
- Image 25Equine colon (from Equine anatomy)
- Image 26Equine stomach. (from Equine anatomy)
- Image 27Chariots of Ramesses II and the Hittites in the Battle of Kadesh, 1274 BCE (from Domestication of the horse)
- Image 28This image shows a representative sequence, but should not be construed to represent a "straight-line" evolution of the horse. Reconstruction, left forefoot skeleton (third digit emphasized yellow) and longitudinal section of molars of selected prehistoric horses (from Evolution of the horse)
- Image 29Relief depicting Assyrian king Ashurbanipal in a chariot, inspecting booty and prisoners from Babylon (from Domestication of the horse)
- Image 30The pinna of a horse's ears can rotate in any direction to pick up sounds (from Equine anatomy)
- Image 311- Heel perioplium, 2-Bulb, 3-Frog, 4-Frog cleft, 5-Lateral groove, 6-Heel, 7-Bar, 8-Seat-of-corn, 9-Pigmented walls 10-Water line, 11-White line, 12-Apex of the frog, 13-Sole, 14-Toe, 15-How to measure hoof width (blue dotted line), 16-Quarter, 17-How to measure length (blue dotted line) (from Equine anatomy)
- Image 32Secondary characteristics of a stallion include heavier muscling for a given breed than is seen in mares or geldings, often with considerable development along the crest of the neck, as shown in this image. (from Equine anatomy)
- Image 33Restoration of Eurohippus parvulus, a mid- to late Eocene equid of Europe (Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin) (from Evolution of the horse)
- Image 34Surroundings of the Shirenzigou archaeological site in Barkol County. (from Domestication of the horse)
- Image 35Reconstruction of possible ancestral coat colors. (from Evolution of the horse)
Topics
Horse • Pony • Asinus • Equus (genus) • Equidae • Zebra • Glossary of equestrian terms • List of horse breeds • Evolution of the horse • Domestication of the horse • Horse care • Stable • Horse training • Equestrianism • Horse tack • Saddle • Equine nutrition • Equine anatomy • Equine conformation • Equine coat color • Equine coat color genetics • Horse markings • Equine vision • Horse hoof • Horseshoe • Horse gait • Horse behavior • Horse breeding • Breed registry • Equine infectious anemia • Horse colic • Lameness • Laminitis • Horse slaughter • Horses in warfare • Arabian horse • Thoroughbred
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