Pierre Victor, baron de Besenval de Brünstatt

Pierre Victor, baron de Besenval de Brünstatt, also Pierre Victor, baron de Besenval de Brunstatt,^[1] (born Peter Joseph Viktor Besenval von Brunnstatt;^[2] 14 October 1721 – 2 June 1791) was a Swiss military officer in French service.

Portrait by Jean-Marc Nattier

Biography

Besenval was born in Solothurn, Switzerland, to Johann Victor Besenval von Brünstatt [fr] and Katarzyna Bielińska.^[2] His father was a colonel of the regiment of Swiss Guards in the pay of France.^[2] Through his mother, Besenval was the grandson of Polish politician Kazimierz Ludwik Bieliński.^[2]

In 1731, Besenval joined the Swiss Guards as a cadet.^[2] He was promoted to ensign in 1733 and became the commander of the regiment's Besenval company in 1738.^[2] In the French army, he was promoted to brigadier in 1747, maréchal de camp in 1758, and lieutenant-general in 1762, the same year he was appointed inspector-general of the Swiss troops in French service.^[2] Besenval served at first as aide-de-camp to Victor François de Broglie during the campaign of 1748 in Bohemia, then as aide-de-camp to the Duke of Orléans during the Seven Years' War.

Le Baron de Besenval dans son salon de compagnie at the Hôtel de Besenval, by Henri-Pierre Danloux (1791). It shows the baron, an avid art collector, in retirement.^[3][4]

In the early 1760s, Besenval played a key role in the Duke of Choiseul's reform of the army.^[2] After being appointed military governor of Haguenau, he was made lieutenant colonel of the Swiss Guards in 1767.^[2] After the accession of King Louis XVI, Besenval became a favorite of Queen Marie Antoinette.

French Revolution

When the French Revolution broke out, Besenval remained firmly attached to the royal court and was given command of the troops which the king had concentrated in Paris in July 1789, a move which led to the Storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789. Besenval showed incompetence in the crisis and attempted to flee to his home country in late July.^[2] He was arrested and tried by the tribunal of the Châtelet in November 1789 of the crime of lèse-nation, but was acquitted on 1 March 1790.^[5][6] He died in Paris on 2 June 1791 in his residence, the Hôtel de Besenval.^[7]

Works

Besenval authored moral-philosophical essays, novels and poetic epistles.^[2] He is principally known as the author of his Mémoires, which were published between 1805 and 1806 by Joseph-Alexandre Pierre, Vicomte de Ségur, who was said to be his actual son, in which are reported many scandalous tales, true or false, of the court of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. The authenticity of these memoirs is not absolutely established.^[2]

References

1. Gabrielle Claerr Stamm: De Soleure à Paris : La saga de la famille de Besenval, seigneurs de Brunstatt, Riedisheim et Didenheim, Chapitre: Brunstatt devient une baronnie: Le 11 août 1726, Louis XV, roi de France, élève la terre de Brunstatt, propriété de la famille de Besenval, au rang de baronnie. Société d’Histoire du Sundgau, 2015, pp. 102–103
2. Andreas Fankhauser: Pierre Victor Besenval de Brunnstatt in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
3. Paul Gallois: Baron de Besenval’s eclectic eye, The Furniture History Society, London, Newsletter 221, February 2021, p. 3
4. www.nationalgallery.org.uk Archived 2008-11-22 at the Wayback Machine
5. Raymond Desèze: Plaidoyer prononcé à l’audience du Châtelet de Paris, tous les services assemblés, du Lundi 1er mars 1790, par M. Desèze, avocat au Parlement, pour M. Le Baron de Besenval, accusé, contre M. Le Procureur du Roi au Châtelet, accusateur, chez Prault, Imprimeur du Roi, Quai des Augustins, Paris, 1790
6. Journal de Paris: L’affaire de Besenval – Acquittement de l'accusation de lèse-nation, le 1er mars 1790, Numéro 225, supplément au Journal de Paris, Vendredi, 13 août 1790, de la Lune le 4, de l’imprimerie de Quillau, rue Plâtrière, 11, Paris, supplément (no. 59)
7. Gabrielle Claerr Stamm: De Soleure à Paris : La saga de la famille de Besenval, seigneurs de Brunstatt, Riedisheim et Didenheim, Société d’Histoire du Sundgau, 2015, p. 150–151

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Besenval de Bronstatt, Pierre Victor, Baron de". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.