Paal–Knorr synthesis
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In organic chemistry, the Paal–Knorr synthesis is a reaction used to synthesize substituted furans, pyrroles, or thiophenes from 1,4-diketones. It is a synthetically valuable method for obtaining substituted furans and pyrroles, which are common structural components of many natural products. It was initially reported independently by German chemists Carl Paal and Ludwig Knorr in 1884 as a method for the preparation of furans, and has been adapted for pyrroles and thiophenes.[1][2] Although the Paal–Knorr synthesis has seen widespread use, the mechanism wasn't fully understood until it was elucidated by V. Amarnath et al. in the 1990s.[3][4]
Paal-Knorr synthesis | |
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Named after | Carl Paal Ludwig Knorr |
Reaction type | Ring forming reaction |
Identifiers | |
RSC ontology ID | RXNO:0000161 |
The furan synthesis requires an acid catalyst:[5]
In the pyrrole synthesis a primary amine participates:
and in that of thiophene for instance the compound phosphorus pentasulfide: