N-gram

An n-gram is a sequence of n adjacent symbols in particular order. The symbols may be n adjacent letters (including punctuation marks and blanks), syllables, or rarely whole words found in a language dataset; or adjacent phonemes extracted from a speech-recording dataset, or adjacent base pairs extracted from a genome. They are collected from a text corpus or speech corpus. If Latin numerical prefixes are used, then n-gram of size 1 is called a "unigram", size 2 a "bigram" (or, less commonly, a "digram") etc. If, instead of the Latin ones, the English cardinal numbers are furtherly used, then they are called "four-gram", "five-gram", etc. Similarly, using Greek numerical prefixes such as "monomer", "dimer", "trimer", "tetramer", "pentamer", etc., or English cardinal numbers, "one-mer", "two-mer", "three-mer", etc. are used in computational biology, for polymers or oligomers of a known size, called k-mers. When the items are words, n-grams may also be called shingles.^[1]

For other uses, see N-gram (disambiguation).

Not to be confused with word n-gram language model.

Six n-grams frequently found in titles of publications about Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), as of 7 May 2020

In the context of Natural language processing (NLP), the use of n-grams allows bag-of-words models to capture information such as word order, which would not be possible in the traditional bag of words setting.

Examples

(Shannon 1951)^[2] discussed n-gram models of English. For example:

• 3-gram character model (random draw based on the probabilities of each trigram): in no ist lat whey cratict froure birs grocid pondenome of demonstures of the retagin is regiactiona of cre
• 2-gram word model (random draw of words taking into account their transition probabilities): the head and in frontal attack on an english writer that the character of this point is therefore another method for the letters that the time of who ever told the problem for an unexpected

Figure 1 n-gram examples from various disciplines

Field	Unit	Sample sequence	1-gram sequence	2-gram sequence	3-gram sequence
Vernacular name			unigram	bigram	trigram
Order of resulting Markov model			0	1	2
Protein sequencing	amino acid	... Cys-Gly-Leu-Ser-Trp ...	..., Cys, Gly, Leu, Ser, Trp, ...	..., Cys-Gly, Gly-Leu, Leu-Ser, Ser-Trp, ...	..., Cys-Gly-Leu, Gly-Leu-Ser, Leu-Ser-Trp, ...
DNA sequencing	base pair	...AGCTTCGA...	..., A, G, C, T, T, C, G, A, ...	..., AG, GC, CT, TT, TC, CG, GA, ...	..., AGC, GCT, CTT, TTC, TCG, CGA, ...
Language model	character	...to_be_or_not_to_be...	..., t, o, _, b, e, _, o, r, _, n, o, t, _, t, o, _, b, e, ...	..., to, o_, _b, be, e_, _o, or, r_, _n, no, ot, t_, _t, to, o_, _b, be, ...	..., to_, o_b, _be, be_, e_o, _or, or_, r_n, _no, not, ot_, t_t, _to, to_, o_b, _be, ...
Word n-gram language model	word	... to be or not to be ...	..., to, be, or, not, to, be, ...	..., to be, be or, or not, not to, to be, ...	..., to be or, be or not, or not to, not to be, ...

Figure 1 shows several example sequences and the corresponding 1-gram, 2-gram and 3-gram sequences.

Here are further examples; these are word-level 3-grams and 4-grams (and counts of the number of times they appeared) from the Google n-gram corpus.^[3]

3-grams

• ceramics collectables collectibles (55)
• ceramics collectables fine (130)
• ceramics collected by (52)
• ceramics collectible pottery (50)
• ceramics collectibles cooking (45)

4-grams

• serve as the incoming (92)
• serve as the incubator (99)
• serve as the independent (794)
• serve as the index (223)
• serve as the indication (72)
• serve as the indicator (120)

References

1. Broder, Andrei Z.; Glassman, Steven C.; Manasse, Mark S.; Zweig, Geoffrey (1997). "Syntactic clustering of the web". Computer Networks and ISDN Systems. 29 (8): 1157–1166. doi:10.1016/s0169-7552(97)00031-7. S2CID 9022773.
2. Shannon, Claude E. "The redundancy of English." Cybernetics; Transactions of the 7th Conference, New York: Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation. 1951.
3. Franz, Alex; Brants, Thorsten (2006). "All Our N-gram are Belong to You". Google Research Blog. Archived from the original on 17 October 2006. Retrieved 16 December 2011.

Further reading

• Manning, Christopher D.; Schütze, Hinrich; Foundations of Statistical Natural Language Processing, MIT Press: 1999, ISBN 0-262-13360-1
• White, Owen; Dunning, Ted; Sutton, Granger; Adams, Mark; Venter, J. Craig; Fields, Chris (1993). "A quality control algorithm for dna sequencing projects". Nucleic Acids Research. 21 (16): 3829–3838. doi:10.1093/nar/21.16.3829. PMC 309901. PMID 8367301.
• Damerau, Frederick J.; Markov Models and Linguistic Theory, Mouton, The Hague, 1971
• Figueroa, Alejandro; Atkinson, John (2012). "Contextual Language Models For Ranking Answers To Natural Language Definition Questions". Computational Intelligence. 28 (4): 528–548. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8640.2012.00426.x. S2CID 27378409.
• Brocardo, Marcelo Luiz; Traore, Issa; Saad, Sherif; Woungang, Isaac (2013). Authorship Verification for Short Messages Using Stylometry. IEEE International Conference on Computer, Information and Telecommunication Systems (CITS).

See also

• Google Books Ngram Viewer

External links

• Ngram Extractor: Gives weight of n-gram based on their frequency.
• Google's Google Books n-gram viewer and Web n-grams database (September 2006)
• STATOPERATOR N-grams Project Weighted n-gram viewer for every domain in Alexa Top 1M
• 1,000,000 most frequent 2,3,4,5-grams from the 425 million word Corpus of Contemporary American English
• Peachnote's music ngram viewer
• Stochastic Language Models (n-Gram) Specification (W3C)
• Michael Collins's notes on n-Gram Language Models
• OpenRefine: Clustering In Depth