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Comparison of multi-paradigm programming languages

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Programming languages can be grouped by the number and types of paradigms supported.

Paradigm summaries

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Perspective

A concise reference for the programming paradigms listed in this article.

  • Concurrent programming – have language constructs for concurrency, these may involve multi-threading, support for distributed computing, message passing, shared resources (including shared memory), or futures
    • Actor programming – concurrent computation with actors that make local decisions in response to the environment (capable of selfish or competitive behaviour)
  • Constraint programming – relations between variables are expressed as constraints (or constraint networks), directing allowable solutions (uses constraint satisfaction or simplex algorithm)
  • Dataflow programming – forced recalculation of formulas when data values change (e.g. spreadsheets)
  • Declarative programming – describes what computation should perform, without specifying detailed state changes c.f. imperative programming (functional and logic programming are major subgroups of declarative programming)
  • Distributed programming – have support for multiple autonomous computers that communicate via computer networks
  • Functional programming – uses evaluation of mathematical functions and avoids state and mutable data
  • Generic programming – uses algorithms written in terms of to-be-specified-later types that are then instantiated as needed for specific types provided as parameters
  • Imperative programming – explicit statements that change a program state
  • Logic programming – uses explicit mathematical logic for programming
  • Metaprogramming – writing programs that write or manipulate other programs (or themselves) as their data, or that do part of the work at compile time that would otherwise be done at runtime
    • Template metaprogramming – metaprogramming methods in which a compiler uses templates to generate temporary source code, which is merged by the compiler with the rest of the source code and then compiled
    • Reflective programming – metaprogramming methods in which a program modifies or extends itself
  • Object-oriented programming – uses data structures consisting of data fields and methods together with their interactions (objects) to design programs
    • Class-based – object-oriented programming in which inheritance is achieved by defining classes of objects, versus the objects themselves
    • Prototype-based – object-oriented programming that avoids classes and implements inheritance via cloning of instances
  • Pipeline programming – a simple syntax change to add syntax to nest function calls to language originally designed with none
  • Rule-based programming – a network of rules of thumb that comprise a knowledge base and can be used for expert systems and problem deduction & resolution
  • Visual programming – manipulating program elements graphically rather than by specifying them textually (e.g. Simulink); also termed diagrammatic programming[1]

Language overview

More information Language, Paradigm count ...
List of multi-paradigm programming languages
Language
Paradigm count
Concurrent
Constraints
Dataflow
Declarative
Distributed
Functional
Metaprogramming
Generic
Imperative
Logic
Reflection
Object-oriented
Pipelines
Visual
Rule-based
 Other
Ada[2][3][4][5][6]5 Yes[a 1]———Yes——YesYes——Yes[a 2]————
ALF2 —————Yes———Yes——————
AmigaE
[citation needed]		2 ————————Yes——Yes[a 2]————
APL3 —————Yes——Yes——————Array (multi-dimensional)
BETA
[citation needed]		3 —————Yes——Yes——Yes[a 2]————
C++7 (15) Yes[7][8][9]Library[10]Library[11][12]Library[13][14]Library[15][16]YesYes[17]Yes[a 3]YesLibrary[18][19]Library[20]Yes[a 2]Yes[21]—Library[22]Array (multi-dimensional; using STL)
C#6 (7) Yes—Library[a 4]——Yes[a 5]—YesYes—YesYes[a 2]———Reactive[a 6]
ChucK
[citation needed]		3 Yes———————Yes——Yes[a 2]————
Claire2 —————Yes—————Yes[a 2]————
Clojure5 Yes[23][24]——Yes—Yes[25]Yes[26]——Library[27]——Yes[28]Editor[29]—Multiple dispatch,[30] Agents[31]
Common Lisp7 (14) Library[32]Library[33]Library[34]Yes[35]Library[36]YesYesYes[37]YesLibrary[38]YesYes[a 7][a 2][39]Library[40]Library[41]Library[42]Multiple dispatch, meta-OOP system,[43] Language is extensible via metaprogramming.
Curl5 —————Yes—Yes[a 3]Yes—YesYes[a 2]————
Curry4 YesYes———Yes———Yes——————
D (version 2.0)[44][45]7 Yes[a 8]————YesYes[46][a 3]Yes[a 3]Yes—YesYes[a 2]————
Delphi3 ———————Yes[a 3]Yes——Yes[a 2]————
Dylan
[citation needed]		3 —————Yes————YesYes[a 2]————
E3 Yes———Yes——————Yes[a 2]————
ECMAScript[47][48] (ActionScript, E4X, JavaScript, JScript)4 (5) Partial[a 9][a 10]——Library[49][50]—Yes——Yes—YesYes[a 11]Library[51][52]Editor[53]—Reactive,[a 12][54] event driven[a 13][a 14]
Erlang3 Yes——YesYesYes——————Yes———
Elixir4 Yes———YesYesYes—————Yes———
Elm6 Yes—YesYes—Yes (pure)[a 15]—Yes————Yes——Reactive
F#7 (8) Yes[a 8]—Library[a 4]Yes—Yes—YesYes—YesYes[a 2]———Reactive[a 6]
Fortran4 (5) Yes————Yes[a 15]—Yes[a 16]———Yes[a 2]———Array (multi-dimensional)
Go4 Yes———————Yes—Yes—Yes———
Haskell8 (15) YesLibrary[55]Library[56]YesLibrary[57]Yes (lazy) (pure)[a 15]Yes[58]YesYesLibrary[59]—Partial[a 17]YesYesLibrary[60]Literate, reactive, dependent types (partial)
Io4 Yes[a 8]————Yes——Yes——Yes[a 11]————
J
[citation needed]		3 —————Yes——Yes——Yes[a 2]————
Java6 YesLibrary[61]Library[62]——Yes—YesYes—YesYes[a 2]————
Julia9 (17) YesLibrary[63]Library[64][65]Library[66]YesYes (eager)YesYesYesLibrary[67]YesYes[a 18]Yes—Library[68][69]Multiple dispatch,
Array (multi-dimensional); optionally lazy[70] and reactive (with libraries)
Kotlin8 Yes————YesYesYesYes—YesYesYes———
LabVIEW4 Yes—Yes————————Yes—Yes——
Lava2 ———————————Yes[a 2]—Yes——
LispWorks (version 6.0 with support for symmetric multi-processing, rules, logic (Prolog), CORBA)9 Yes———YesYesYes—YesYesYesYes[a 2]——Yes—
Lua
[citation needed]		3 —————Yes——Yes——Yes[a 11]————
MATLAB6 (10) Toolbox[71]Toolbox[72]Yes[73]—Toolbox[74]—Yes[75]Yes[76]——Yes[77]Yes[78]—Yes[79]—Array (multi-dimensional)
Nemerle7 Yes————YesYesYesYes—YesYes[a 2]————
Object Pascal4 Yes————Yes——Yes——Yes[a 2]————
OCaml4 —————Yes—YesYes——Yes[a 2]————
Oz11 YesYesYesYesYesYes——YesYes—Yes[a 2]Yes—Yes—
Perl
[citation needed]		8 (9) Yes[80]—Yes[81]——YesYes—Yes—Yes[a 2]Yes[a 2]Yes———
PHP[82][83][84]4 —————Yes——Yes—YesYes[a 2]————
Poplog3 —————Yes——YesYes——————
Prograph3 ——Yes————————Yes[a 2]—Yes——
Python5 (10) Library[85][86] Library[87] — — Library[88] Yes Yes[89][90] Yes[91][92]YesLibrary[93]YesYes[a 2] —Editor[94]—Structured
R4 (6) Library[95]———Library[96]Yes——Yes—YesYesYes[97]——Array (multi-dimensional)
Racket10 Yes[98]Yes[99]Yes[100]—Yes[101]YesYes—YesYesYesYes———Lazy[102]
Raku10 Yes[103]Library[104]Yes[105]—Library[106]YesYes[107]Yes[108]Yes—Yes[109]Yes[110]Yes——Multiple dispatch, lazy lists, reactive.
ROOP3 ————————YesYes————Yes—
Ruby5 —————YesYes—Yes—YesYes[a 2]————
Rust (version 1.0.0-alpha)6 Yes[a 8]————YesYes[111][112]Yes[113]Yes——Yes———Linear, affline, and ownership types
Sather
[citation needed]		2 —————Yes—————Yes[a 2]————
Scala[114][115]9 Yes[a 8]—Yes[a 19]Yes—YesYesYesYes—YesYes[a 2]————
Simula
[citation needed]		2 ————————Yes——Yes[a 2]————
SISAL3 Yes—Yes——Yes——————————
Spreadsheets2 —————Yes———————Yes——
Swift7 Yes————YesYesYesYes—YesYes[a 2]———Block-structured
Tcl with Snit extension
[citation needed]		3 —————Yes[116]——Yes——Yes[a 11][117]————
Visual Basic .NET6 (7) Yes—Library[a 4]——Yes—YesYes—YesYes[a 2]———Reactive[a 6]
Windows PowerShell6 —————Yes—YesYes—YesYes[a 2]Yes———
Wolfram Language & Mathematica13[118] (14) YesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes[119]—YesKnowledge Based
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See also

Notes

  1. [a 1]
    rendezvous and monitor-like based
  2. [a 2]
    class-based
  3. [a 3]
    template metaprogramming
  4. [a 4]
    using TPL Dataflow
  5. [a 5]
    only lambda support (lazy functional programming)
  6. [a 6]
    using Reactive Extensions (Rx)
  7. [a 7]
    multiple dispatch, method combinations
  8. [a 8]
    actor programming
  9. [a 9]
    promises, native extensions
  10. [A 10]
    using Node.js' cluster module or child_process.fork method, web workers in the browser, etc.
  11. [A 11]
    Prototype-based
  12. [A 12]
    using Reactive Extensions (RxJS)
  13. [A 13]
    in Node.js via their events module
  14. [A 14]
    in browsers via their native EventTarget API
  15. [A 15]
    purely functional
  16. [A 16]
    parameterized classes
  17. [A 17]
    immutable
  18. [A 18]
    multiple dispatch, not traditional single
  19. [A 19]
    Akka Archived 2013-01-19 at the Wayback Machine

Citations

References

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