Mosque of the Three Doors

The Mosque of the Three Doors (Arabic: مسجد الأبواب الثلاثة; French: Mosquée des Trois Portes) or Mosque of Muhammad ibn Khairun (Arabic: مسجد ابن خيرون) is a mosque In the city of Kairouan, Tunisia. Commissioned in 866, during the Aghlabid dynasty period, by Muhammad ibn Khairun, a private local patron. The mosque is notable for being one of the earliest occurrences of a richly decorated external façade in Islamic architecture. The mosque was modified in later periods, notably with the addition of a minaret in 1440, during the Hafsid period.

Mosque of Three Doors
مسجد الأبواب الثلاثة
Religion
Affiliation	Islam
Branch/tradition	Sunni
Location
Location	Kairouan, Tunisia
Shown within Tunisia
Geographic coordinates	35.4037°N 10.0610°E / 35.4037; 10.0610
Architecture
Type	Mosque
Style	Aghlabid, Hafsid, Islamic
Creator	Muhammad ibn Khairun
Completed	866

History

The mosque's construction is dated to 866 CE (252 AH) during the Aghlabid period. The foundation inscription on its façade records the name of its founder as Muhammad ibn Khayrun al-Ma'firi al-Andalusi.^[1] He was most likely a former slave from al-Andalus,^[2] possibly a merchant.^[3] Only the mosque's front façade remains from the original construction.^[1] The minaret was added much later in 1440 CE (844 AH) during the Hafsid period, when the mosque was restored.^[1][4]

Architecture

The architectural design of the Aghlabids can be characterized from the inheritance of the local architectural tradition and the simultaneous recognition of the Abbasid metropolitan styles and techniques.^[5] The mosque is fronted by three doors framed by horseshoe arches that resemble that of the Great Mosque of Uqba.^[6] The arches rest on reused ancient columns engaged into the wall.^[1] The façade above these arches is carved with floral motifs and with Arabic inscriptions written in Kufic script.^[3] This decorated façade is unique among the surviving monuments of this period.^[2] According to scholar Mourad Rammah, it is the oldest decorative façade in Islamic architecture.^[7]

The mosque contains a prayer hall with a slightly irregular but almost square floor plan with four columns dividing it into three naves or aisles, covered by a total of nine vaults.^[4] A basic mihrab niche is embedded in the qibla wall. On the northeast corner of the mosque is a square-based minaret which is a later addition from the Hafsid era, with a design derived from Andalusi-Moorish architecture (which had spread across the region during the Almohad period). The minaret's double-arched windows are framed with decorative tilework.^[3]

Inscriptions

The inscriptions on the mosque's façade are contained in three horizontal bands.^[8] The two upper bands contain two Qur'anic excerpts, Surah 33:71–72 and a fragment of Surah 30:4. The translated text reads:^[1]

Believers, be mindful of God, speak in a direct fashion and to good purpose, and He will put your deeds right for you and forgive you your sins. Whoever obeys God and His Messenger will truly achieve a great triumph. God is in command, first and last [...]

This is then followed by an inscription recording the mosque's foundation.^[1] The translated text reads:^[3]

The construction of this mosque was ordered by Muhammad, son of Khayrūn, al-Ma’āfirī, al-Andalusī, in order to draw closer to God and in the hopes of gaining His pardon and mercy.

The inscriptions on the façade were partially rearranged in the 15th century when the Hafsid minaret was added, so as to insert a new inscription along the lower band recording the restoration of 1440. The appearance of the original Aghlabid-period façade and inscriptions was reconstituted by Georges Marçais.^[1]

See also

• Aghlabid architecture

References

1. Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020). Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700–1800. Yale University Press. pp. 33–34. ISBN 9780300218701.
2. Mazot, Sibylle (2011). "The Architecture of the Aghlabids". In Hattstein, Markus; Delius, Peter (eds.). Islam: Art and Architecture. h.f.ullmann. p. 136. ISBN 9783848003808.
3. "Mosque of the Three Doors". Qantara. Retrieved 2020-11-22.
4. Zangar, Saloua. "Mosque of the Three Doors". Discover Islamic Art, Museum With No Frontiers. Retrieved November 21, 2020.
5. Bloom, Jonathan M. Blair, Sheila S. (2009) The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press. p.86.
6. Petersen, Andrew. (2002) Dictionary of Islamic Architecture. p.24.
7. Binous, Jamila; Baklouti, Naceur; Ben Tanfous, Aziza; Bouteraa, Kadri; Rammah, Mourad; Zouari, Ali (2010). "V. 1. e Ibn Khayrun Mosque, or Mosque of the Three Gates". Ifriqiya: Thirteen Centuries of Art and Architecture in Tunisia. Islamic Art in the Mediterranean (2nd ed.). Museum With No Frontiers & Ministry of Culture, the National Institute of Heritage, Tunis. ISBN 9783902782199.
8. Blair, Sheila S. (2019). Islamic Inscriptions. Edinburgh University Press. p. 58. ISBN 978-1-4744-6448-2.