The Salish or Séliš language /ˈslɪʃ/, also known as Kalispel–Pend d'oreille, Kalispel–Spokane–Flathead, or Montana Salish to distinguish it from other Salishan languages, is a Salishan language spoken (as of 2005) by about 64 elders of the Flathead Nation in north central Montana and of the Kalispel Indian Reservation in northeastern Washington state, and by another 50 elders (as of 2000) of the Spokane Indian Reservation of Washington. As of 2012, Salish is "critically endangered" in Montana and Idaho according to UNESCO.[3]

Quick Facts Region, Ethnicity ...
Salish
Séliš (fla)
Npoqínišcn (spo)
RegionNorthwest, United States
Ethnicity8,000 Pend d'Oreilles (Kalispel), Flathead, Spokane peoples (1977–1997)[1]
Native speakers
70[2] (2009-2013)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3Either:
fla  Flathead
spo  Spokane
Glottologkali1307
ELPKalispel-Spokane-Pend d'Oreille-Salish
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Kalispel is classified as Critically Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.
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Salish Language Revitalization Institute school bus in Missoula, 2011

Dialects are spoken by the Spokane (Npoqínišcn), Kalispel (Qalispé), Pend d'Oreilles, and Bitterroot Salish (Séliš). The total ethnic population was 8,000 in 1977, but most have switched to English.

As is the case of many other languages of northern North America, Salish is polysynthetic; like other languages of the Mosan language area, it does not make a clear distinction between nouns and verbs. Salish is famous[according to whom?] for native translations that treat all lexical Salish words as verbs or clauses in English—for instance, translating a two-word Salish clause that would appear to mean "I-killed a-deer" into English as I killed it. It was a deer.

Language revitalization

Salish is taught at the Nkwusm Salish Immersion School, in Arlee, Montana.[4][5][6][7] Public schools in Kalispell, Montana offer language classes, a language nest, and intensive training for adults.[8] An online Salish Language Tutor and online Kalispel Salish curriculum are available.[9][10] A dictionary, "Seliš nyoʔnuntn: Medicine for the Salish Language," was expanded from 186 to 816 pages in 2009;[11] children's books and language CDs are also available.[12]

Salish Kootenai College offers Salish language courses, and trains Salish language teachers at its Native American Language Teacher Training Institute as a part of its ongoing efforts to preserve the language.[13][14] As of May 2013, the organization Yoyoot Skʷkʷimlt ("Strong Young People") is teaching language classes in high schools.[15]

Salish-language Christmas carols are popular for children's holiday programs, which have been broadcast over the Salish Kootenai College television station,[16] and Salish-language karaoke has become popular at the annual Celebrating Salish Conference, held in Spokane, Washington.[17][18] As of 2013, many signs on U.S. Route 93 in the Flathead Indian Reservation were including the historic Salish and Kutenai names for towns, rivers, and streams, and the Missoula City Council was seeking input from the Salish-Pend d'Oreille Culture Committee regarding appropriate Salish-language signage for the City of Missoula.[19]

Phonology

Salish

Vowels

Salish has five vowels, /a e i o u/, plus an epenthetic schwa [ə] which occurs between an obstruent and a sonorant consonant, or between two unlike sonorants. (Differences in glottalization do not cause epenthesis, and in long sequences not all pairs are separated, for example in /sqllú/[sqəllú] "tale", /ʔlˀlát͡s/[ʔəlˀlát͡s] "red raspberry", and /sˀnmˀné/[səʔnəmˀné] "toilet". No word may begin with a vowel.

Consonants

Salish has pharyngeal consonants, which are rare worldwide and uncommon but not unusual in the Mosan Sprachbund to which Salish belongs. It is also unusual in lacking a simple lateral approximant and simple velar consonants (/k/ only occurs in loanwords), though again this is known elsewhere in the Mosan area.

More information Labial, Alveolar ...
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The post-velars are normally transcribed as uvular consonants: q, qʼ, χ, qʷ, qʷʼ, χʷ.

Salish contrasts affricates with stopfricative sequences. For example, [ʔiɬt͡ʃt͡ʃeˀn] "tender, sore" has a sequence of two affricates, whereas [stiʕít.ʃən] "killdeer" has a tee-esh sequence. All stop consonants are clearly released, even in clusters or word-finally. Though they are generally not aspirated, aspiration often occurs before obstruents and epenthetic schwas before sonorants. For example, the word /t͡ʃɬkʷkʷtˀnéˀws/ "a fat little belly" is pronounced [t͡ʃɬkꭩkꭩtʰəʔnéʔʍs]; likewise, /t͡ʃt͡ʃt͡sʼéˀlʃt͡ʃn/ "woodtick" is pronounced [t͡ʃt͡ʃt͡sʼéʔt͡ɬʃᵗʃən], and /ppíˀl/ is [pʰpíḭᵗɬə̥].

Spokane

Vowels

Spokane vowels show five contrasts: /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/ and /u/, but almost all examples of /a/ and /o/ are lowered from /e/ and /u/, respectively, when those precede uvulars, or precede or follow pharyngeals. Unstressed vowels are inserted to break up certain consonant clusters, with the vowel quality determined by the adjacent consonants. The epenthetic vowel is often realized as /ə/, but also /ɔ/ before rounded uvulars, and /ɪ/ before alveolars and palatals.[20]

Consonants

The consonant inventory of Spokane differs from Salish somewhat, including plain and glottalized central alveolar approximants /ɹ/ and /ˀɹ/, and a uvular series instead of post-velar.[20]

More information Labial, Alveolar ...
Labial Alveolar Post-
alveolar
Labio-
velar
Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
plainsibilantlateral plainlabial plainlabial
Plosive plain p t ts q ʔ
ejective tsʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ kʷʼ qʷʼ
Fricative s ɬ ʃ χ χʷ h
Sonorant plain m n j w ʕ ʕʷ
glottalized ˀm ˀn ˀl ˀj ˀw ˀʕ ˀʕʷ
Rhotic plain ɹ
glottal. ˀɹ
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Stress

Spokane words are polysynthetic, typically based on roots with CVC(C) structure, plus many affixes. There is one main stress in each word, though the location of stress is determined in a complex way (Black 1996).[20][21]

Morphology

OC:out-of-control morpheme reduplication SUCCESS:success aspect morpheme

Given its polysynthetic nature, Salish-Spokane-Kalispel encodes meaning in single morphemes rather than lexical items. In the Spokane dialect specifically, the morphemes ¬–nt and –el', denote transitivity and intransitivity, respectively. Meaning, they show whether or not a verb takes a direct object or it does not. For example, in (1) and (2), the single morphemes illustrate these properties rather than it being encoded in the verb as it is in English.

(1)
ɫx̥ʷntén

ɫox̩ʷ

open(ed)

-nt

-TR

-en

-1sg.SUBJ

ɫox̩ʷ -nt -en

open(ed) -TR -1sg.SUBJ

'I made a hole in it'

(2)
pllstél

puls

die, kill

-VC

-OC

-st

-TR

-el'

-SUCCESS

puls -VC -st -el'

{die, kill} -OC -TR -SUCCESS

'He got to kill (one)'

Something that is unique to the Spokane dialect is the SUCCESS aspect morpheme: -nu.[22] The SUCCESS marker allows the denotation that the act took more effort than it normally would otherwise. In (3) and (4) we can see this particular transformation.

(3)
ɫp'ntén

ɫip'

mark

-nt

-TR

-en

-1sg.SUBJ

ɫip' -nt -en

mark -TR -1sg.SUBJ

'I marked it'

(4)
ɫp'nún

ɫip'

mark

-nu

-SUCCESS

-nt-

-TR

en

-1sg.SUBJ

ɫip' -nu -nt- en

mark -SUCCESS -TR -1sg.SUBJ

'I had a hard time marking it'

The SUCCESS aspect and an OUT-OF-CONTROL morpheme reduplication, found in other Native languages, are commonly found together in Spokane Salish. An OUT-OF-CONTROL reduplication morpheme denotes that the action was done by accident. Below, (5), (6) and (7) exemplify this.

(5)
ɫuʔntén

ɫuʔ

stab

-nt

-TR

-en

-1sg.SUBJ

ɫuʔ -nt -en

stab -TR -1sg.SUBJ

'I stabbed it/him/her.'

(6)
ɫuʔnún

ɫuʔ

stab

-nu

-SUCCESS

-nt

-TR

-en

-1sg.SUBJ

ɫuʔ -nu -nt -en

stab -SUCCESS -TR -1sg.SUBJ

'I managed to stab it/him/her.'

(7)
tuʔʔnún

tuʔ

stab

-VC

-OC

-nu

-SUCCESS

-nt

-TR

-en

-1sg.SUBJ

tuʔ -VC -nu -nt -en

stab -OC -SUCCESS -TR -1sg.SUBJ

'I managed to stab it/him/her by accident.'

The intransitive morpheme that describes extra effort is –el'. Barry Carlson states that:

"Spokane intransitive success forms, created with -el', emphasize that a subject's control requires extra effort in an event and they focus the duration of this effort well before the event beginning. This makes the predication a result. Thus, their true meaning can only be seen in a larger context."

That is to say, that for intransitive instances it is context driven and therefore extra context is needed in order to use the morpheme –el'. Example (8) derived from (1) illustrates this:

(8)
pllstél'

puls

die, kill

-VC

-OC

-st

-TR

-el'

-SUCCESS

puls -VC -st -el'

{die, kill} -OC -TR -SUCCESS

'He got to kill (one)'

(9)

šíč'l'

he missed

u

and

ʔax̩í

finally

u

and

pllstél'

he got to kill (one)

šíč'l' u ʔax̩í u pllstél'

{he missed} and finally and {he got to kill (one)}

'He kept missing, but finally he got to kill (one)'

References

Further reading

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