Marshal of France (French : Maréchal de France , plural Maréchaux de France military rank , that is awarded to generals for exceptional achievements. The title has been awarded since 1185, though briefly abolished (1793–1804) and for a period dormant (1870–1916). It was one of the Great Officers of the Crown of France during the Ancien Régime Bourbon Restoration , and one of the Grand Dignitaries of the Empire during the First French Empire (when the title was Marshal of the Empire , not Marshal of France).
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A Marshal of France displays seven stars on each shoulder strap. A marshal also receives a baton – a blue cylinder with stars, formerly fleurs-de-lis during the monarchy and eagles during the First French Empire. The baton bears the Latin inscription of Terror belli, decus pacis
Between the end of the 16th century and the middle of the 19th century, six Marshals of France were given the even more exalted rank of Marshal General of France : Biron Lesdiguières Turenne Villars Saxe Soult
The distinction of Admiral of France is the equivalent in the French Navy .
Terror belli ...decus pacis Modern-day baton, belonging to one of the four Marshals of France during World War II (Leclerc, de Lattre, Juin, and Kœnig)
The title derived from the office of marescallus Franciae created by King Philip II Augustus for Albéric Clément about 1190.
The title was abolished by the National Convention in 1793. It was restored as Marshal of the Empire during the First French Empire by Napoleon . Under the Bourbon Restoration, the title reverted to Marshal of France, and Napoleon III kept that designation.
After the fall of Napoleon III and the Second French Empire , the Third Republic did not use the title until the First World War , when it was recreated as a military distinction and not a rank.
Contrarily to ranks, which are awarded by the army, the distinction of Marshal of France is awarded by a special law voted by the French Parliament . For this reason, it is impossible to demote a Marshal. The most famous case is Philippe Pétain , who was awarded the distinction of Marshal of France for his generalship in World War I, and who was stripped of other positions and titles after his trial for high treason due to his involvement with collaborationist Vichy France : due to the principle of separation of powers , the court that judged him did not have the power to cancel the law that had made him a Marshal in the first place.
The last living Marshal of France was Alphonse Juin , promoted in 1952, who died in 1967. The latest Marshal of France was Marie-Pierre Kœnig , who was made a Marshal posthumously in 1984. Today, the title of Marshal of France can only be granted to a general officer who fought victoriously in war-time.
Albéric Clément , Lord of Le Mez (died 1191), Marshal of France in 1185Matthew II of Montmorency , Lord of Montmorency and Marly, Marshal of France in 1191Guillaume de Bournel , (died 1195), Marshal of France in 1192Nivelon d'Arras (died 1204), Marshal of France in 1202Henry I Clément , called the "Little Marshal", Lord of Le Mez and of Argentan (1170–1214), Marshal of France in 1204Jean III Clément , Lord of Le Mez and of Argentan (died 1262), Marshal of France in 1214Guillaume de la Tournelle (dates unknown), Marshal of France in 1220Ferry Pasté , Lord of Challeranges (died 1247), Marshal of France in 1240Jean Guillaume de Beaumont (died 1257), Marshal of France in 1250Henri de Cousances (died 1268), Marshal of France in 1255Gauthier III , Lord of Nemours (died 1270), Marshal of France in 1257Henri II Clément , Lord of Le Mez and Argentan (died 1265), Marshal of France in 1262Héric de Beaujeu (died 1270), Marshal of France in 1265Renaud de Précigny (died 1270), Marshal of France in 1265Hugh of Mirepoix, Marshal of France in 1266[1]
Raoul II Sores (died 1282), Marshal of France in 1270Lancelot de Saint-Maard (died 1278), Marshal of France in 1270Ferry de Verneuil (died 1283), Marshal of France in 1272Guillaume V du Bec Crespin (died 1283), Marshal of France in 1283Jean II d'Harcourt , Viscount of Châtellerault, Lord of Harcourt (died 1302), Marshal of France in 1283Raoul V Le Flamenc (died 1287), Marshal of France in 1285Mathieu de Trie (died 1344), Marshal of France in 1318Jean des Barres (dates unknown), Marshal of France in 1318Bernard VI de Moreuil , Lord of Moreuil (died 1350), Marshal of France in 1322Robert-Jean Bertran de Briquebec , Baron of Briquebec, Viscount of Roncheville (1285–1348), Marshal of France in 1325
Anseau de Joinville (1265–1343), Marshal of France in 1339Charles I de Montmorency , Lord of Montmorency (1325–1381), Marshal of France in 1344Robert de Waurin , Lord of Saint-Venant (died 1360), Marshal of France in 1344Guy II de Nesle , Lord of Offémont and of Mello (died 1352), Marshal of France in 1345Édouard I de Beaujeu , Lord of Châteauneuf (1316–1351), Marshal of France in 1347Jean II Le Meingre (1364–1421), Marshal of France in 1391Jean II de Rieux , Lord of Rochefort and of Rieux (1342–1417), Marshal of France in 1397Pierre de Rieux , Lord of Rochefort and of Rieux (1389–1439), Marshal of France in 1417Claude de Beauvoir, Lord of Chastellux and Viscount of Avallon (1385–1453), Marshal of France in 1418
Jean de Villiers de L'Isle-Adam (1384–1437), Marshal of France in 1418Jacques de Montberon , Lord of Engoumois (died 1422), Marshal of France in 1418Gilbert Motier de La Fayette (1396–1464), Marshal of France in 1421Antoine de Vergy (died 1439), Marshal of France in 1422Jean de La Baume , Count of Montrevel-en-Bresse (died 1435), Marshal of France in 1422Amaury de Séverac , Lord of Beaucaire and of Chaude-Aigues (died 1427), Marshal of France in 1424Jean de Brosse , Baron of Boussac and of Sainte-Sévère (1375–1433), Marshal of France in 1426Gilles de Rais , Lord of Ingrande and of Champtocé (c. 1405 – 1440), Marshal of France in 1429André de Laval-Montmorency , Lord of Lohéac and of Retz (1408–1486), Marshal of France in 1439Philippe de Culant , Lord of Jaloignes, of La Croisette, of Saint-Armand and of Chalais (died 1454), Marshal of France in 1441Jean Poton de Xaintrailles , Seneschal de Limousin (1390–1461), Marshal of France in 1454
Gian Giacomo Trivulzio , Marquis of Vigevano (1448–1518), Marshal of France in 1499Charles II d'Amboise , Lord of Chaumont, of Meillan and of Charenton (1473–1511), Marshal of France in 1506Odet de Foix, Vicomte de Lautrec , Viscount of Lautrec (1485–1528), Marshal of France in 1511Robert Stewart, Lord of Aubigny , Count of Lennox (1470–1544), Marshal of France in 1514
Jacques II de Chabannes , Lord of La Palice (died 1525), Marshal of France in 1515Gaspard I de Coligny , Lord of Châtillon-sur-Loing (died 1522), Marshal of France in 1516Thomas de Foix-Lescun (died 1525), Marshal of France in 1518Anne de Montmorency , Duke of Montmorency and Baron of Damville, Count of Beaumont-sur-Oise and of Dammartin, Viscount of Melun, first Baron of France and Grand Master, Constable of France etc. (1492–1567), Marshal of France in 1522Théodor Trivulce (1458–1531), Marshal of France in 1526Robert III de La Marck , Duke of Bouillon, Lord of Sedan (1491–1537), Marshal of France in 1526Claude d'Annebaut (1500–1552), Marshal of France in 1538René de Montjean (died 1538), Lord of Montjean, Marshal of France in 1538Oudard du Biez , Seigneur of Le Biez (died 1553), Marshal of France in 1542Antoine de Lettes-Desprez , Lord of Montpezat (1490–1544), Marshal of France in 1544Jean Caraccioli , Prince of Melphes (1480–1550), Marshal of France in 1544François de Scépeaux , Lord of Vieilleville (1509–1571), Marshal of France in 1562Imbert de La Plâtière , Lord of Bourdillon (1524–1567), Marshal of France in 1562Henri I de Montmorency , Lord of Damville, Duke of Montmorency, Count of Dammartin and Alais, Baron of Chateaubriant, Lord of Chantilly and Ecouen (1534–1614), Marshal of France in 1566Artus de Cossé-Brissac , Lord of Gonnor and Count of Secondigny (1512–1582), Marshal of France in 1567Gaspard de Saulx , Lord of Tavannes (1509–1575), Marshal of France in 1570Honorat II de Savoye , Marquis of Villars (1511–1580), Marshal of France in 1571Albert de Gondi , Duke of Retz (1522–1602), Marshal of France in 1573Roger I de Saint-Lary , Lord of Bellegarde (died 1579), Marshal of France in 1574Blaise de Lasseran-Massencôme, Seigneur de Montluc (1500–1577), Marshal of France in 1574Louis Prévost de Sansac , Baron de Sansac (1496–1576), Marshal of FranceArmand de Gontaut, Baron de Biron (1524–1592), Marshal of France in 1577Jacques II de Goyon , Lord of Matignon and of Lesparre, Count of Thorigny, Prince of Mortagne sur Gironde (1525–1597), Marshal of France in 1579Jean VI d'Aumont , Baron of Estrabonne, Count of Châteauroux (1522–1595), Marshal of FranceGuillaume de Joyeuse , Viscount of Joyeuse, Lord of Saint-Didier, of Laudun, of Puyvert and of Arques (1520–1592), Marshal of France in 1582
Marshal's baton during the Bourbon monarchy Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne, Duc de Bouillon (1555–1623), Marshal of France in 1592Charles de Gontaut, Duc de Biron (1562–1602), Marshal of France in 1594Claude de La Châtre (1536–1614), Marshal of France in 1594Jean de Montluc de Balagny [ fr ] Charles II de Cossé , Duke of Brissac (1562–1621), Marshal of France in 1594Jean III de Baumanoir, Marquis of Lavardin and Count of Nègrepelisse (1551–1614), Marshal of France in 1595Henri, Duke of Joyeuse (1567–1608), Marshal of France in 1595Urbain de Montmorency-Laval, Marquis of Sablé [ fr ] Alphonse d'Ornano (1548–1610), Marshal of France in 1597Guillaume de Hautemer, Count of Grancey [ fr ] François de Bonne, Duke of Lesdiguières (1543–1626), Marshal of France in 1608Charles de Schomberg Concino Concini , Marquis of Ancre (1575–1617), Marshal of France in 1613Gilles de Courtenvaux, Marquis of Souvré (1540–1626), Marshal of France in 1614Antoine, Baron de Roquelaure (1560–1625), Marshal of France in 1614Louis de La Châtre, Baron de Maisonfort [ fr ] Pons de Lauzières-Thémines-Cardaillac, Marquis of Thémines [ fr ] François de La Grange d'Arquian [ fr ] Nicolas de L'Hôpital , Duke of Vitry (1581–1644), Marshal of France in 1617Charles de Choiseul-Praslin, Marquis of Praslin [ fr ] Jean-François de La Guiche, Count of La Palice [ fr ] Honoré d'Albert d'Ailly, Duke of Chaulnes (1581–1649), Marshal of France in 1620François d'Esparbes de Lussan, Viscount of Aubeterre [ fr ] c. 1571Charles de Créquy, Prince of Poix, Duke of Lesdiguières (1580–1638), Marshal of France in 1621Jacques Nompar de Caumont, Duke of La Force (1558–1652), Marshal of France in 1621François, Marquis of Bassompierre (1579–1646), Marshal of France in 1622Gaspard de Coligny, Duke of Châtillon (1584–1646), Marshal of France in 1622Henri de Schomberg (1574–1632), Marshal of France in 1625Jean-Baptiste d'Ornano (1581–1626), Marshal of France in 1626François Annibal, Duc d'Estrées (1573–1670), Marshal of France in 1626Timoléon d'Epinay de Saint-Luc (1580–1644), Marshal of France in 1627Louis de Marillac , Count of Beaumont-le-Roger (1572–1632), Marshal of France in 1629Henri II, Duke of Montmorency and of Damville , also Admiral of France (1595–1632), Marshal of France in 1630Jean Caylar d'Anduze de Saint-Bonnet, Marquis of Toiras (1585–1636), Marshal of France in 1630Antoine Coëffier de Ruzé d'Effiat (1581–1632), Marshal of France in 1631Urbain de Maillé, Marquis of Brézé (1597–1650), Marshal of France in 1633Maximilien de Béthune, Duke of Sully (1560–1641), Marshal of France in 1634Charles de Schomberg, Duke of Halluin (1601–1656), Marshal of France in 1637Charles de La Porte, Marquis of Meilleraye (1602–1664), Marshal of France in 1639Antoine III, Duke of Gramont (1604–1678), Marshal of France in 1641Jean-Baptiste Budes, Count of Guébriant (1602–1643), Marshal of France in 1642Philippe de La Mothe-Houdancourt, Duke of Cardona (1605–1657), Marshal of France in 1642François de L'Hôpital, Count of Rosnay [ fr ] Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne (1611–1675), Marshal of France in 1643, Marshal General of France in 1660Jean, Count of Gassion , (1609–1647), Marshal of France in 1643[ citation needed ] Sébastien de Vauban César, Duke of Choiseul (1598–1675), Marshal of France in 1645Josias, Count of Rantzau (1609–1650), Marshal of France in 1645Nicolas de Neufville, Duke of Villeroi (1597–1685), Marshal of France in 1646Antoine d'Aumont de Rochebaron, Duc d'Aumont (1601–1669), Marshal of France in 1651Jacques d'Étampes, Marquis of la Ferté-Imbault [ fr ] Henri, Duke of la Ferté-Senneterre (1600–1681), Marshal of France in 1651Charles de Monchy, Marquis d'Hocquincourt [ fr ] Jacques Rouxel, Count of Grancey [ fr ] Armand Nompar de Caumont, Duke of La Force (1582–1672), Marshal of France in 1652Philippe de Clérambault, Count of Palluau [ fr ] César Phoebus d'Albret, Count of Miossens (1614–1676), Marshal of France in 1653Louis de Foucault de Saint-Germain Beaupré [ fr ] Jean de Schulemberg, Count of Montejeu (1597–1671), Marshal of France in 1658Abraham de Fabert, Marquis of Esternay (1599–1662), Marshal of France in 1658Jacques de Mauvisière, Marquis of Castelnau (1620–1658), Marshal of France in 1658Bernardin Gigault, Marquis of Bellefonds (1630–1694), Marshal of France in 1668François de Créquy , Marquis of Marines (1620–1687), Marshal of France in 1668Louis de Crevant, Duke of Humières (1628–1694), Marshal of France in 1668Godefroy d'Estrades , Count of Estrades (1607–1686), Marshal of France in 1675Philippe de Montaut-Bénac, Duke of Navailles [ fr ] Frédéric Armand, Duke of Schomberg (1616–1690), Marshal of France in 1675Jacques Henri de Durfort, Duke of Duras (1626–1704), Marshal of France in 1675François d'Aubusson, Duke of la Feuillade (1625–1691), Marshal of France in 1675Louis Victor de Rochechouart, Duke of Mortemart le Maréchal de Vivonne (1636–1688), Marshal of France in 1675François-Henri de Montmorency, duc de Luxembourg (1628–1695), Marshal of France in 1675Henri Louis d'Aloigny, Marquis of Rochefort [ fr ] Guy de Durfort, Duke of Lorges (1630–1702), Marshal of France in 1676Jean II, Count of Estrées 1624–1707), Marshal of France in 1681Claude de Choiseul, Marquis of Francières (1632–1711), Marshal of France in 1693Jean Armand de Joyeuse, Marquis of Grandpré (1632–1710), Marshal of France in 1693François de Neufville, Duke of Villeroi (1644–1730), Marshal of France in 1693Louis François, duc de Boufflers, comte de Cagny (1644–1711), Marshal of France in 1693Anne-Hilarion de Costentin, Count of Tourville (1642–1701), Marshal of France in 1693Anne-Jules, 2nd duc de Noailles (1650–1708), Marshal of France in 1693Nicolas Catinat (1637–1712), Marshal of France in 1693Louis Joseph de Bourbon, duc de Vendôme (1654–1712), Marshal of France in 1695Claude Louis Hector, Duke of Villars (1653–1734), Marshal of France in 1702, Marshal General of France in 1733Noël Bouton, Marquis of Chamilly (1636–1715), Marshal of France in 1703Victor Marie, Duc d'Estrées (1660–1737), Marshal of France in 1703François Louis Rousselet, Marquis of Château-Renault (1637–1716), Marshal of France in 1703Sébastien Le Prestre, Marquis of Vauban (1633–1707), Marshal of France in 1703Conrad, Marquis of Rosen (1628–1715), Marshal of France in 1703Nicolas Chalon du Blé, Marquis of Huxelles (1652–1730), Marshal of France in 1703René de Froulay, Count of Tessé (1651–1725), Marshal of France in 1703Camille d'Hostun, duc de Tallard (1652–1728), Marshal of France in 1703Nicolas Auguste de La Baume, Marquis of Montrevel (1636–1716), Marshal of France in 1703Henry, duc d'Harcourt (1654–1718), Marshal of France in 1703Ferdinand, Count of Marsin (1656–1706), Marshal of France in 1703Alberico III Cybo-Malaspina [ it ] [3] [ better source needed ] James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick (1670–1734), Marshal of France in 1706Charles Auguste Goyon, Count of Matignon (1647–1729), Marshal of France in 1708Jacques de Bazin, Marquis of Bezons (1645–1733), Marshal of France in 1709Pierre de Montesquiou, Count of Artagnan (1645–1725), Marshal of France in 1709 N.B.: not the famous D'Artagnan , but a relative Maurice de Saxe Victor-Maurice, comte de Broglie (1646–1727), Marshal of France in 1724Antoine Gaston Jean Baptiste, Duke of Roquelaure (1656–1738), Marshal of France in 1724[4] Jacques Rouxel, Count of Grancey and of Médavy (1655–1725), Marshal of France in 1724Éléonor du Maine, Count of Le Bourg (1655–1739), Marshal of France in 1724Yves, marquis d'Alègre (1653–1733), Marshal of France in 1724Louis d'Aubusson, Duke of la Feuillade (1673–1725), Marshal of France in 1724Antoine V, Duke of Gramont (1671–1725), Marshal of France in 1724Alain Emmanuel, Marquis of Coëtlogon (1646–1730), Marshal of France in 1730Charles de Gontaut, Duke of Biron (1663–1756), Marshal of France in 1734Jacques de Chastenet, Marquis of Puységur [ fr ] Claude Bidal, Marquis of Asfeld (1665–1743), Marshal of France in 1734Adrien-Maurice, 3rd duc de Noailles (1678–1766), Marshal of France in 1734Christian Louis de Montmorency-Luxembourg, Prince de Tingry (1713–1787), Marshal of France in 1734François Marie II, Duke of Broglie (1671–1745), Marshal of France in 1734François de Franquetot, Duke of Coigny (1670–1759), Marshal of France in 1734Charles, Duke of Lévis-Charlus [ fr ] [ citation needed ] Louis de Brancas de Forcalquier, Marquis of Céreste (1671–1750), Marshal of France in 1740Louis Auguste d'Albert d'Ailly, Duke of Chaulnes (1676–1744), Marshal of France in 1741Louis Armand de Brichanteau, Duke of Nangis [ fr ] Louis de Gand de Mérode de Montmorency, prince d'Isenghien [ fr ] Jean-Baptiste de Durfort, Duke of Duras (1684–1778), Marshal of France in 1741Jean-Baptiste Desmarets, Marquis of Maillebois (1682–1762), Marshal of France in 1741Charles Fouquet, Duke of Belle-Isle , called the Marshal of Belle-Isle (1684–1762), Marshal of France in 1741Maurice, comte de Saxe (1696–1750), Marshal of France in 1741, Marshal General of France in 1747Jean-Baptiste Andrault, Marquis of Maulévrier (1677–1754), Marshal of France in 1745Claude Testu, Marquis of Balincourt (1680–1770), Marshal of France in 1746Philippe Charles, Marquis of la Fare (1687–1752), Marshal of France in 1746François, duc d'Harcourt (1689–1750), Marshal of France in 1746Guy, Count of Montmorency-Laval (1677–1751), Marshal of France in 1747Gaspard, Duke of Clermont-Tonnerre 1688–1781, Marshal of France in 1747Louis Charles, Marquis of La Mothe-Houdancourt [ fr ] Ulrich, Count of Löwendahl (1700–1755), Marshal of France in 1747Louis François Armand du Plessis, duc de Richelieu (1696–1788), Marshal of France in 1748Jean de Fay, Marquis of la Tour-Maubourg [ fr ] Louis Antoine de Gontaut (1701–1788), Count (afterwards Duke) of Biron, Marshal of France in 1757Daniel François de Gélas de Voisons d'Ambres, Viscount of Lautrec [ fr ] Charles François Frédéric de Montmorency, Duke of Piney-Luxembourg (1702–1764), Marshal of France in 1757Louis Le Tellier, Duc d'Estrées (1695–1771), Marshal of France in 1757Jean Charles de la Ferté , Marquis of La Ferté Senneterre (1685–1770), Marshal of France in 1757Charles O'Brien de Thomond , Count of Thomond and of Clare (1699–1761), Marshal of France in 1757Gaston Pierre de Lévis , Duke of Mirepoix (1699–1758), Marshal of France in 1757Ladislas Ignace de Bercheny (1689–1778), Marshal of France in 1758Hubert de Brienne, Count of Conflans (1690–1777), Marshal of France in 1758Louis Georges, Marquis of Contades (1704–1793), Marshal of France in 1758Charles de Rohan, Prince of Soubise (1715–1787), Marshal of France in 1758Victor François, Duke de Broglie (1718–1804), Marshal of France in 1759Guy Michel de Durfort de Lorge, Duke of Randan (1704–1773), Marshal of France in 1768Louis de Brienne de Conflans, Marquis of Armentières (1711–1774), Marshal of France in 1768Jean de Cossé, Duke of Brissac (1698–1780), Marshal of France in 1768Philippe de Ségur Anne Pierre, Duke of Harcourt (1701–1783), Marshal of France in 1775Louis, 4th duc de Noailles (1713–1793), Marshal of France in 1775Antoine, Count of Nicolaï (1712–1787), Marshal of France in 1775Charles, Duke of Fitz-James (1712–1787), Marshal of France in 1775Philippe, Duke of Mouchy (1715–1794), Marshal of France in 1775Emmanuel de Durfort, Duke of Duras (1715–1789), Marshal of France in 1775Louis Nicolas, Duc du Muy (1702–1775), Marshal of France in 1775Claude, Count of Saint-Germain (1707–1778), Marshal of France in 1775Guy de Montmorency, Duke of Laval (1723–1798), Marshal of France in 1783Augustin, Count of Mailly (1708–1794), Marshal of France in 1783Henri Bouchard de Lussan, Marquis of Aubeterre (1714–1788), Marshal of France in 1783Charles de Beauvau, Prince of Beauvau-Craon (1720–1793), Marshal of France in 1783Noël Jourda, Count of Vaux (1705–1788), Marshal of France in 1783Philippe Henri, marquis de Ségur (1724–1801), Marshal of France in 1783Jacques de Choiseul-Stainville, Count of Choiseul (1727–1789), Marshal of France in 1783Charles de La Croix, Marquis of Castries (1727–1801), Marshal of France in 1783Emmanuel de Croÿ-Solre, Duke of Croÿ (1718–1784), Marshal of France in 1783François Gaston de Lévis, Duc de Lévis (1719–1787), Marshal of France in 1783Nicolas Luckner , Comte Luckner (1722–1794), Marshal of France since in 1791Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau (1725–1807), Marshal of France in 1791
Graphic representation of a Marshal's baton during the First French Empire Throughout his reign, Napoleon created a total of twenty-six Marshals of the Empire:[5]
Michel Ney , who received his marshal's baton on 19 May 1804.Louis-Alexandre Berthier , Prince of Neuchâtel and of Wagram , Duke of Valangin (1753–1815), Marshal of the Empire in 1804Joachim Murat , Prince of the Empire, Grand Duke of Berg , King of Naples (1767–1815), Marshal of the Empire in 1804Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey , Duke of Conégliano (1754–1842), Marshal of the Empire in 1804Jean-Baptiste Jourdan , Count of the Empire (1762–1833), Marshal of the Empire in 1804André Masséna , Duke of Rivoli, Prince of Essling (1758–1817), Marshal of the Empire in 1804Pierre Augereau , Duke of Castiglione (1757–1816), Marshal of the Empire in 1804Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte (1763–1844), Prince of Pontecorvo , King of Sweden and Norway under the name Charles XIV John (1818–1844), Marshal of the Empire in 1804Guillaume Marie-Anne Brune , Count of the Empire (1763–1815), Marshal of the Empire in 1804Jean-de-Dieu Soult , Duke of Dalmatie (1769–1851), Marshal of the Empire in 1804, Marshal General of France in 1847Jean Lannes , Duke of Montebello (1769–1809), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 † Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise (1768–1835), Marshal of the Empire in 1804Michel Ney , Duke of Elchingen , Prince of the Moskva (1769–1815), Marshal of the Empire in 1804Louis-Nicolas Davout , Duke of Auerstädt, Prince of Eckmühl (1770–1823), Marshal of the Empire in 1804Jean-Baptiste Bessières , Duke of Istria (1768–1813), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 † François Christophe de Kellermann , Duke of Valmy (1737–1820), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 (honorary)François Joseph Lefebvre , Duke of Danzig (1755–1820), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 (honorary)Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon , Marquis of Grenade (1754–1818), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 (honorary)Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier , Count of the Empire (1742–1819), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 (honorary)Claude Victor-Perrin , Duke of Belluno (1764–1841), Marshal of the Empire in 1807Jacques MacDonald , Duke of Tarento (1765–1840), Marshal of the Empire in 1809Nicolas Oudinot , Duke of Reggio (1767–1847), Marshal of the Empire in 1809Auguste de Marmont , Duke of Ragusa (1774–1852), Marshal of the Empire in 1809Louis-Gabriel Suchet , Duke of Albufera (1770–1826), Marshal of the Empire in 1811Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr , Marquis of Gouvion-Saint-Cyr (1764–1830), Marshal of the Empire in 1812Józef Poniatowski , Polish Prince Poniatowski (1763–1813), Marshal of the Empire in 1813 † Emmanuel de Grouchy, Marquis of Grouchy (1766–1847), Marshal of the Empire in 1815The names of nineteen of these have been given to successive stretches of boulevards encircling Paris , which has thus been nicknamed the Boulevards des Maréchaux (Boulevards of the Marshals ). Another three Marshals have been honored with a street elsewhere in the city. The four Marshals banned from memory are: Bernadotte and Marmont, considered as traitors; Pérignon, stricken off the list by Napoleon in 1815; and Grouchy, regarded as responsible for the defeat at Waterloo.
Jacques Lauriston Georges Cadoudal (1771–1804), Marshal of France in 1814 (posthumous )Jean Victor Marie Moreau (1763–1813), Marshal of France in 1814 (posthumous )François-Henri de Franquetot de Coigny , Duke of Coigny (1737–1821), Marshal of France in 1816Henri Jacques Guillaume Clarke , Duke of Feltre (1765–1818), Marshal of France in 1816Pierre Riel de Beurnonville , Marquis of Beurnonville (1752–1821), Marshal of France in 1816Charles Joseph Hyacinthe du Houx de Viomesnil , Marquis of Viomesnil (1734–1827), Marshal of France in 1816Jacques Alexandre Law , Marquis of Lauriston (1768–1828), Marshal of France in 1823Gabriel Jean Joseph Molitor , Count Molitor (1770–1849), Marshal of France in 1823
Sylvain Charles Valée Étienne Maurice Gérard , Count Gérard (1773–1852), Marshal of France in 1830Bertrand Clauzel , Count Clauzel (1772–1842), Marshal of France in 1831Emmanuel de Grouchy , Marquis of Grouchy (1766–1847), Marshal of France in 1831Georges Mouton , Count Lobau (1770–1838), Marshal of France in 1831Sylvain Charles Valée , Count Valée (1773–1846), Marshal of France in 1837Horace Sébastiani , Count Sébastiani (1772–1851), Marshal of France in 1840Jean-Baptiste Drouet , Count d'Erlon (1765–1844), Marshal of France in 1843Thomas Robert Bugeaud , Duke of Isly, (1784–1849), Marshal of France in 1843Honoré Charles Reille , Count Reille (1775–1860), Marshal of France in 1847Guillaume Dode de la Brunerie , Viscount de la Brunerie (1775–1851), Marshal of France in 1847
Rémi Joseph Isidore Exelmans Jérôme Bonaparte , former King of Westphalia (1784–1860), Marshal of France in 1850Rémi Joseph Isidore Exelmans , Count Exelmans (1775–1852), Marshal of France in 1851Jean Isidore Harispe , Count Harispe (1768–1855), Marshal of France in 1851Jean-Baptiste Philibert Vaillant , Count Vaillant (1790–1872), Marshal of France in 1851Jacques Leroy de Saint-Arnaud (1798–1854), Marshal of France in 1852Bernard Pierre Magnan (1791–1865), Marshal of France in 1852Boniface de Castellane , Marquis of Castellane (1788–1862), Marshal of France in 1852
Jacques Louis Randon Achille Baraguey d'Hilliers , Count Baraguey d'Hilliers (1795–1878), Marshal of France in 1854Aimable Pélissier , Duke of Malakoff (1794–1864), Marshal of France in 1855Jacques Louis Randon , Count Randon (1795–1871), Marshal of France in 1856François Certain de Canrobert (1809–1895), Marshal of France in 1856Pierre Bosquet (1810–1861), Marshal of France in 1856Patrice de MacMahon , Duke of Magenta (1809–1893), Marshal of France in 1859Auguste Regnaud de Saint-Jean d'Angély (1794–1870), Marshal of France in 1859Adolphe Niel (1802–1869), Marshal of France in 1859Philippe Antoine d'Ornano , Count of Ornano (1784–1863), Marshal of France in 1861Élie Frédéric Forey (1804–1872), Marshal of France in 1863François Achille Bazaine (1811–1888), Marshal of France in 1864Edmond Le Bœuf (1809–1888), Marshal of France in 1870
Ferdinand Foch
This distinction was refused by:
Steven Runciman, The Sicilian Vespers: A History of the Mediterranean World in the Later Thirteenth Century , (Cambridge University Press, 2000), 93.
Frederic J. Baumgartner, Henry II: King of France 1547–1559 , (Duke University Press, 1988), 56.
Encyclopædia Britannica , Vol 23, Ed. Hugh Chisholm, (1911), 719.
R.P. Dunn-Pattison Napoleon's Marshals Methuen 1909 – Reprinted Empiricus Books 2001.
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