Manganese dioxide
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Manganese dioxide is the inorganic compound with the formula MnO
2. This blackish or brown solid occurs naturally as the mineral pyrolusite, which is the main ore of manganese and a component of manganese nodules. The principal use for MnO
2 is for dry-cell batteries, such as the alkaline battery and the zinc–carbon battery.[4] MnO
2 is also used as a pigment and as a precursor to other manganese compounds, such as KMnO
4. It is used as a reagent in organic synthesis, for example, for the oxidation of allylic alcohols. MnO
2 has an α-polymorph that can incorporate a variety of atoms (as well as water molecules) in the "tunnels" or "channels" between the manganese oxide octahedra. There is considerable interest in α-MnO
2 as a possible cathode for lithium-ion batteries.[5][6]
Names | |
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IUPAC names
Manganese dioxide Manganese(IV) oxide | |
Other names
Pyrolusite, hyperoxide of manganese, black oxide of manganese, manganic oxide | |
Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol) |
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ChEBI | |
ChemSpider |
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ECHA InfoCard | 100.013.821 |
EC Number |
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PubChem CID |
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RTECS number |
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UNII | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |
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Properties | |
MnO 2 | |
Molar mass | 86.9368 g/mol |
Appearance | Brown-black solid |
Density | 5.026 g/cm3 |
Melting point | 535 °C (995 °F; 808 K) (decomposes) |
Insoluble | |
+2280.0×10−6 cm3/mol[1] | |
Structure[2] | |
Tetragonal, tP6, No. 136 | |
P42/mnm | |
a = 0.44008 nm, b = 0.44008 nm, c = 0.28745 nm | |
Formula units (Z) |
2 |
Thermochemistry[3] | |
Heat capacity (C) |
54.1 J·mol−1·K−1 |
Std molar entropy (S⦵298) |
53.1 J·mol−1·K−1 |
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298) |
−520.0 kJ·mol−1 |
Gibbs free energy (ΔfG⦵) |
−465.1 kJ·mol−1 |
Hazards | |
GHS labelling: | |
Warning | |
H302, H332 | |
P261, P264, P270, P271, P301+P312, P304+P312, P304+P340, P312, P330, P501 | |
NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | |
Flash point | 535 °C (995 °F; 808 K) |
Safety data sheet (SDS) | ICSC 0175 |
Related compounds | |
Other anions |
Manganese disulfide |
Other cations |
Technetium dioxide Rhenium dioxide |
Manganese(II) oxide Manganese(II,III) oxide Manganese(III) oxide Manganese heptoxide | |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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