19th century
1801–1900
- Aleksey Khovansky (1814–1899), publisher of the first Russian scientific linguistic journal Filologicheskie Zapiski
- Nikolay Ilminsky (1822–1891), Russian turkologist
- Pavel Maksutov (1825–1882), Imperial Russian Navy rear-admiral, prince, hero of Crimean War
- Ilya Salov (1834–1902), Russian writer, playwright and translator
- Peter Hermann Stillmark, scientist, founder of lectinology
- Vsevolod Meyerhold (1874–1940), Russian and Soviet theatre director, actor and theatrical producer
- Nikolai Avksentiev (1878–1943), leading member of the Russian Socialist-Revolutionary Party
- Peter Arshinov (1886–1939), acclaimed Russian Anarcho-Communist
- Ivan Mosjoukine (1889–1963), Russian silent film actor
- Vsevolod Pudovkin (1893–1953), Russian and Soviet film director, screenwriter and actor
- Aleksandr Medvedkin (1900–1989), Soviet Russian film director
- Vladimir Stavsky (1900–1943), Soviet Russian writer, editor and literary administrator
20th century
1901–1950
- Konstantin Badygin (1910–1984), Soviet naval officer, explorer, author and scientist
- Anna Andreyeva (1915–1997), Soviet track and field athlete
- Pyotr Dolgov (1920–1962), colonel in the Soviet Air Force, Hero of the Soviet Union
- Victor Karpov (1928–1997), Russian diplomat
- Vladimir Grebennikov (1932–1992), Soviet ice hockey player
- Yuri Moiseev (1940–2005), Soviet ice hockey player
- Tatiana Dorofeeva (1948–2012), Russian linguist, orientalist and translator
1951–1970
- Aleksandr Golikov (born 1952), Russian former ice hockey player
- Boris Sokolovsky (born 1953), Russian basketball coach and former player
- Vladimir Golikov (born 1954), Soviet ice hockey player
- Alexander Melentyev (1954–2015), Soviet competitive sport shooter who won the gold medal at the 1980 Summer Olympics
- Vasili Pervukhin (born 1956), Russian ice hockey player
- Alexander Kozhevnikov (born 1958), Soviet ice hockey player
- Aleksandr Geramisov (born 1959), Soviet ice hockey player
- Irina Kalinina (born 1959), Soviet diver and olympic champion
- Marat Kulakhmetov (born 1959), Major General of the Russian Army
- Sergei Svetlov (born 1961), Soviet ice hockey player
- Sergei Yashin (born 1962), Soviet ice hockey player
- Aleksey Vdovin (born 1963), Russian water polo player who competed in the 1992 Summer Olympics
- Aleksandr Samokutyayev (born 1970), Russian cosmonaut
1971–1980
- Yan Kaminsky (born 1971), Soviet ice hockey player
- Vladislav Bulin (born 1972), Russian ice hockey defenceman
- Yuliya Pakhalina (born 1977), Russian diver; won the gold medal in the 2000 Summer Olympics
- Yuri Babenko (born 1978), Russian professional ice hockey player
- Vitaly Atyushov (born 1979), Russian ice hockey defenceman
- Yuri Dobryshkin (born 1979), Russian ice hockey player
- Alexei Kosourov (born 1979), Russian professional ice hockey player
- Igor Lukashin (born 1979), Russian diver; won the gold medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics
- Timur Rodriguez (born 1979), Russian showman, singer, TV and radio personality
- Pavel Volya (born 1979), Russian TV host, actor and singer
- Dimitri Altaryov (born 1980), Russian professional ice hockey winger
- Yevgeniya Bochkaryova (born 1980), Russian gymnast
- Natalya Sutyagina (born 1980), Russian butterfly swimmer
1981–1990
- Andrei Kuzmin (born 1981), Russian ice hockey player
- Sergei Kuchmasov (born 1981), Belarusian springboard diver
- Viktor Burayev (born 1982), Russian race walker
- Dmitry Kokarev (born 1982), Russian chess player
- Alexei Medvedev (born 1982), Russian professional ice hockey forward
- Stanislav Zhmakin (born 1982), Russian ice hockey winger
- Yelena Dembo (born 1983), Greek chess player
- Sergei Ageyev (born 1984), Russian ice hockey goaltender
- Natalia Lavrova (1984–2010), Russian dual Olympic gold medalist
- Yevgeni Popov (born 1984), Russian cyclist
- Nadezhda Bazhina (born 1987), Russian diver
- Vladimir Galchenko (born 1987), Russian juggler
- Yekaterina Lisina (born 1987), Russian basketball player
- Oleg Vikulov (born 1987), Russian platform diver
- Roman Lyuduchin (born 1988), Russian professional ice hockey forward
- Sergei Andronov (born 1989), Russian professional ice hockey player
- Pavel Medvedev (born 1989), Russian professional ice hockey player
- Olga Galchenko (born 1990), Russian juggler
- Alexandr Aksakov (1832–1903), Russian writer, translator, journalist, editor, state official and psychic researcher
- Nikolai Ishutin (1840–1879), Russian utopian socialist; was raised in Penza
- Aristarkh Lentulov (1882–1943), Russian avant-garde artist of Cubist orientation; studied art in the Penza art school
- Alexandr and Mariya Dmitriev, the couple who owns a pet cougar named Messi
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