Loading AI tools
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is a list of British political memoirs:
![]() |
Image | Name | Notes | Title | Year | Publisher |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | David Amess | Murdered in 2021 | Ayes & Ears: A Survivor's Guide to Westminster | 2020 | Luath |
Michael Ashcroft, Baron Ashcroft | Party Treasurer 1998-2001 | Dirty Politics, Dirty Times | 2005 | Biteback | |
![]() | Kenneth Baker | Home Secretary 1990-2 | The Turbulent Years: My Life in Politics | 1993 | Faber & Faber |
![]() |
Gavin Barwell | Downing Street Chief of Staff 2017-9 | How to Win a Marginal Seat: My Year Fighting For My Political Life | 2016 | Biteback |
Chief of Staff: Notes from Downing Street | 2021 | Atlantic | |||
![]() | John Bercow | Speaker of the Commons 2009-19 | Unspeakable | 2020 | Orion |
![]() | John Biffen | Leader of the Commons 1982-7 | Semi-Detached | 2013 | Biteback |
![]() | Robert Boothby | MP for Aberdeen and Kincardine East 1924-50 | I Fight To Live: Autobiography | 1947 | |
![]() | R. A. Butler | First Secretary of State 1962-3 | The Art of the Possible | 1971 | |
![]() | David Cameron | Prime Minister 2010-6 | For the Record | 2019 | William Collins |
![]() | Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington | Secretary-General of NATO 1984-8 | Reflect on Things Past: The Memoirs of Lord Carrington | 1988 | Harper & Row |
![]() | Austen Chamberlain | Foreign Secretary 1924-9 Joint Leader 1921-2 | Down the Years | 1935 | Cassell |
![]() | Sydney Chapmen | Vice-Chamberlain of the Household 1992-5 | Back to the Drawing Board: Memoirs of a Backbencher | 2010 | Absolute Design Solutions |
![]() | Alan Clark | MP for Plymouth Sutton 1974-92 | Alan Clark Diaries | 1993-2002 | Orion |
![]() | Ken Clarke | Lord Chancellor 2010-2 | Kind of Blue | 2016 | Pan Macmillan |
![]() | Winston Churchill | Prime Minister 1940-5 and '5105 | The Second World War | 1948-53 | Cassell |
![]() | Alec Douglas-Home | Prime Minister 1963-4 | The Way the Wind Blows: An Autobiography by Lord Home | 1976 | Fontana |
![]() | Alan Duncan | MP for Rutland and Melton 1992-2019 | In the Thick of It: The Private Diaries of a Minister | 2021 | HarperCollins |
![]() | Anthony Eden | Prime Minister 1955-7 | The Memoirs of Sir Anthony Eden: Full Circle | 1960 | Cassell |
![]() | Norman Fowler, Baron Fowler | Party Chairman 1992-4 | A Political Suicide: The Conservatives' Voyage into the Wilderness | 2008 | Politico's |
![]() | Mark Francois | Chair of the European Research Group | Spartan Victory: The Inside Story of the Battle for Brexit | 2021 | Independently |
![]() | Norman Tebbit | Party Chairman 1985-7 | Upwardly Mobile: An Autobiography | 1988 | Weidenfeld and Nicolson |
![]() | Peter Temple-Morris | MP for Leominster 1974-2001 | Across the Floor: A Life in Dissenting Politics | 2015 | I. B. Tauris |
![]() |
Margaret Thatcher | Prime Minister 1979-90 | The Downing Street Years | 1993 | HarperCollins |
The Path to Power | 1995 | ||||
![]() | John Major | Prime Minister 1990-7 | John Major: The Autobiography | 1999 | HarperCollins |
![]() | Brian Mawhinney | Party Chairman 1995-7 | Just A Simple Belfast Boy | 2013 | Biteback |
![]() | Sir Anthony Meyer, 3rd Baronet | Leadership candidate in 1989 | Stand Up and be Counted | 1990 | Random House |
![]() | John Boyd-Carpenter | Chief Secretary to the Treasury 1962-4 | Way of Life: The Memoirs of John Boyd-Carpenter | 1980 | Sidgwick & Jackson |
![]() | Sebastian Coe | President of the London Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games 2008-12 | Running My Life: The Autobiography | 2013 | Hodder & Stoughton |
![]() | Nick de Bois | MP for Enfield North 2010-5 | Confessions of a Recovering MP | 2017 | Biteback |
![]() | Jean Barker, Baroness Trumpington | Baroness-in-Waiting 1983-5 and 92-7 | Coming Up Trumps: A Memoir | 2015 | Pan Macmillan |
![]() | Edward Turnour, 6th Earl Winterton | Father of the House of Commons 1945-51 | Fifty Tumultuous Years | 1955 | Hutchinson |
![]() | Edward Heath | Prime Minister 1970-4 | The Course of My Life | 1998 | Bloomsbury |
![]() |
Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone | Lord Chancellor 1970-4 and 1979–87 | The Door Wherein I Went | 1975 | Collins |
A Sparrow's Flight: Memoirs | 1990 | Fontana | |||
![]() | Ann Widdecombe | Minister of State for Prisons 1995-7 | Strictly Ann: The Autobiography | 2013 | Orion |
![]() | David Waddington | Governor of Bermuda 1992-7 | Memoirs: Dispatches from Margaret Thatcher's last Home Secretary | 2012 | Biteback |
![]() | William Waldegrave | Health Secretary 1990-2 | A Different Kind of Weather: A Memoir | 2015 | Little, Brown Book Group |
![]() | Douglas Hurd | Foreign Secretary 1989-95 | Memoirs | 2003 | Abacus |
![]() | Bernard Ingham | Downing Street Press Secretary 1979-90 | Kill the Messenger | 1991 | HarperCollins |
![]() | Tom King | Defence Secretary 1989-92 | A King Among Ministers: Fifty Years in Parliament Recalled | 2021 | Unicorn |
![]() | Ian Lang | Scotland Secretary 1990-5 | Blue Remembered Years: A Political Memoir | 2002 | Politico's |
![]() | Nigel Lawson | Chancellor of the Exchequer 1983-9 | The View from No.11: Memoirs of a Tory Radical | 1992 | Bantam |
![]() | Andrea Leadsom | Leader of the House of Commons 2017-9 | Snakes and Ladders: Navigating the Ups and Downs of Politics | 2022 | Biteback |
![]() |
Selwyn Lloyd | Speaker of the House of Commons 1971-6 | Mr Speaker, Sir | 1976 | Cape |
Suez 1956: A Personal Account | 1978 | ||||
![]() | Andrew Mitchell | International Development Secretary 2010-2 | Beyond A Fringe: Tales from a Reformed Establishment Lackey | 2021 | Biteback |
![]() | Emma Nicholson | MEP for South East England 1999-2009 | Secret Society: Inside - and Outside - the Conservative Party | 1996 | |
![]() | Matthew Parris | MP for West Derbyshire 1979-86 | Chance Witness: An Outsider's Life in Politics | 2002 | Penguin |
![]() | Chris Patten | Governor of Hong Kong 1992-7 | First Confession: A Sort of Memoir | 2017 | Penguin |
![]() | Nicholas Ridley, Baron Ridley of Liddesdale | Secretary of State for Transport 1983-6 | My Style of Government: The Thatcher Years | 1991 | Hutchinson |
![]() | Malcolm Rifkind | Chair of the Intelligence and Security Committee 2010-5 | Power and Pragmatism: The Memoirs of Malcolm Rifkind | 2016 | Biteback |
![]() | Sasha Swire | Wife of a Minister of State 2010-6 | Diary of an MP's Wife: Inside and Outside Power | 2020 | Little, Brown Book Group |
![]() | Frank Taylor | MP for Manchester Moss Side 1961-74 | Called to Account | 1993 | Pentland |
![]() | Teddy Taylor | Baby of the Commons 1964-5 | Teddy Boy Blue | 2008 | Kennedy & Boyd |
![]() | George Walden | MP for Buckingham 1983-97 | Lucky George: Memoirs of an Anti-Politician | 1999 | Allen Lane |
![]() | Peter Walker | Wales Secretary 1987-90 | Staying Power: An Autobiography | 1991 | Bloomsbury |
![]() | Rhodes Boyson | MP for Brent North 1974-97 | Speaking My Mind | 1994 | Peter Owen |
![]() | John Buchan, 1st Baron Tweedsmuir | Governor-General of Canada 1935-40 | Memory Hold-the-Door | 1940 | Hodder and Stoughton |
![]() | Duff Cooper | Ambassador to France 1944-8 | Old Men Forget | 1953 | Rupert Hart-Davis |
![]() |
Julian Critchley | MP for Aldershot 1970-97 | The Palace of Varieties | 1983 | Faber & Faber |
A Bag of Boiled Sweets | 1994 | ||||
![]() | Edward du Cann | Chairman of the 1922 Committee 1972-84 | Two Lives: The Political and Business Careers of Edward du Cann | 1995 | Images |
![]() | Rory Stewart | MP for Penrith & the Border 2010-19 | Politics on the Edge | 2023 | Jonathan Cape |
![]() | George Gardiner | MP for Reigate 1974-97 | A Bastard's Tale: The Political Memoirs of George Gardiner | 1999 | Aurum |
![]() | Teresa Gorman | MP for Billericay 1987-2001 | No, Prime Minister! | 2001 | J. Blake |
![]() | Jerry Hayes | MP for Harwood 1983-97 | An Unexpected MP: Confessions of a Political Gossip | 2014 | Biteback |
![]() | Geoffrey Howe | Deputy Prime Minister 1989-90 | Conflict of Loyalty | 1994 | Macmillan |
![]() |
Gerald Nabarro | MP for Kidderminster 1950-64 | NAB 1: Portrait of a Politician | 1970 | R. Maxwell |
Exploits of a Politician | 1973 | Arthur Barker | |||
![]() |
Richard Needham | MP for North Wiltshire 1979-97 | Honourable Member | 1983 | P. Stephens |
One Man, Two Worlds: Memoir of a Businessman in Politics | 2021 | Blackstaff | |||
![]() | Nigel Nicolson | MP for Bournemouth East & Christchurch 1952-9 | Long Life: Memoirs | 1997 | Phoenix |
![]() | John Nott | Defence Secretary 1981-3 | Here Today Gone Tomorrow: Memoirs of an Errant Politician | 2002 | Politico's |
![]() | Elizabeth Peacock | MP for Batley and Spen 1983-97 | A Yorkshire Lass at the Court of Thatcher | 2013 | Pen & Sword |
![]() | James Spicer | MP for West Dorset 1974-97 | Jim's Journey | 2014 | Independently |
![]() | Michael Spicer | Chairman of the 1922 Committee 2001-10 | The Spicer Diaries | 2012 | St Martin's |
![]() | Edward Spears | MP for Carlisle 1931-45 | Assignment to Catastrophe | 1954-5 | A. A. Wyn |
![]() | Cecil Parkinson | Party Chairman 1981-3 and '97-8 | Right at the centre: An Autobiography | 1992 | Weidenfeld and Nicolson |
![]() | Liz Truss | Prime Minister 2022 | Ten Years to Save the West | 2024 | Biteback |
Image | Name | Notes | Title | Year | Publisher |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | Ann Clwyd | MP for Cynon Valley 1984-2019 | Rebel With A Cause: A Political Life | 2017 | |
![]() | Diane Abbott | MP Hackney North and Stoke Newington since 1987 | A Woman Like Me: A Memoir | 2022 | Penguin |
![]() | Clement Attlee | Prime Minister 1945-51 | As It Happened | 1954 | Viking |
![]() | Ed Balls | Children, Schools and Families Secretary 2007-10 | Speaking Out: Lessons in Life and Politics | 2016 | Random House |
![]() | Tony Blair | Prime Minister 1997-2007 | A Journey | 2010 | Random House |
![]() | Tony Benn | Energy Secretary 1975-9 | Dare to be a Daniel: Then and Now | 2012 | Random House |
![]() | David Blunkett | Home Secretary 2001-4 | The Blunkett Tapes: My Life in the Bear Pit | 2006 | Bloomsbury |
![]() | Betty Boothroyd | Speaker of the Commons 1992-2000 | The Autobiography | 2002 | Penguin Random House |
![]() | George Brown, Baron George-Brown | Foreign Secretary 1966-8 | In My Way: Memoirs | 1971 | Gollancz |
![]() | Gordon Brown | Prime Minister 2007-10 | My Life, Our Times | 2017 | Random House |
![]() | W. J. Brown | General Secretary of the Civil Service Clerical Association 1921-42 | So Far... | 1943 | |
![]() | James Callaghan | Prime Minister 1976-9 | Time and Chance | 1987 | Collins |
![]() | Alastair Campbell | General Secretary of the Civil Service Clerical Association 1921-42 | The Blair Years | 2007 | A. Knopf |
![]() | Michael Cashman | MEP for West Midlands 1999-2014 | One of Them: From Albert Square to Parliament Square | 2021 | Bloomsbury |
![]() | Barbara Castle | First Secretary of State 1968-70 | Fighting All The Way | 1993 | Macmillan |
![]() | Peter Hain | Wales Secretary 2002-8 and 09-10 | Outside In | 2012 | Biteback |
![]() | Harriet Harman | Interim Leader 2010 and 2015 | A Woman's Work | 2017 | Penguin |
![]() | Roy Hattersley | Deputy Leader 1983-92 | Who Goes Home?: Scenes from a Political Life | 1995 | Little, Brown Book Group |
![]() | Peter Mandelson | Business Secretary 2008-10 | The Third Man: Life at the Heart of New Labour | 2010 | Harper |
![]() | Bob Marshall-Andrews | MP for Medway 1997-2010 | Off Message: The Complete Antidote to Political Humbug | 2011 | Profile |
![]() | Roy Mason | Northern Ireland Secretary 1976-9 | Paying the Price | 1999 | Robert Hale |
![]() | Greville Janner | MP for Leicester West 1974-97 | To Life!: The Memoirs of Greville Janner | 2016 | Sutton |
![]() |
Alan Johnson | MP for Hull West & Hessle 1997-2017 | This Boy: A Memoir of a Childhood | 2013 | Bantam |
Please, Mister Postman | 2014 | Transworld | |||
The Long and Winding Road | 2016 | ||||
In My Life: A Music Memoir | 2018 | ||||
![]() | Carwyn Jones | First Minister of Wales 2009-2018 | Not Just Politics | 2020 | Headline |
![]() | Robert Kilroy-Silk | MP for Ormskirk 1974-83 | Hard Labour: The Political Diary of Robert Kilroy-Silk | 1986 | Chatto & Windus |
![]() | Oona King | MP for Bethnal Green & Bow 1997-2005 | House Music: The Oona King Diaries | 2007 | Bloomsbury |
![]() | Damian McBride | Downing Street Press Secretary 2007-9 | Power Trip: A Decade of Policy, Plots and Spin | 2013 | Biteback |
![]() | Len McCluskey | General Secretary of United | Always Red | 2021 | OR |
![]() | Henry McLeish | First Minister of Scotland 2000-1 | Scotland First: Truth and Consequences | 2004 | Mainstream |
![]() | Ian Mikardo | MP for Bow & Poplar 1983-7 | Back-Bencher | 1988 | Weidenfeld and Nicolson |
![]() | Ernest Millington | MP for Chelmsford 1945-50 | Was That Really Me? | 2006 | Fultus |
![]() |
Austin Mitchell | MP for Great Grimsby 1977-2015 | Austin Mitchell's Yorkshire Jokes | 2001 | Great Northern |
Austin Mitchell's Yorkshire Sayings | 2004 | ||||
Calendar Boy | 2014 | Pen & Sword | |||
Revenge of the Rich: The Neoliberal Revolution in Britain and New Zealand | 2017 | Canterbury University | |||
Confessions of a Political Maverick | 2018 | Biteback | |||
![]() | Rhodri Morgan | First Minister of Wales 2000-9 | Rhodri: A Political Life in Wales and Westminster | 2017 | University of Wales |
![]() | Herbert Morrison | Interim Leader 1955 | An Autobiography | 1960 | Odhams |
![]() | Mo Mowlam | Northern Ireland Secretary 1997-9 | Momentum: The Struggle for Peace, Politics and the People | 2002 | Hodder & Stoughton |
![]() | Maureen Colquhoun | MP for Northampton North 1974-9 | A Woman in the House | 1980 | Scan |
![]() | Robin Cook | Foreign Secretary 1997-2001 | Point of Departure | 2003 | Simon & Schuster |
![]() | Hugh Dalton | Chancellor of the Exchequer 1945-7 | High Tide and After: Memoirs 1945-1960 | 1953 | Muller |
![]() | Tam Dalyell | Father of the Commons 2001-5 | The Importance of Being Awkward: The Autobiography of Tam Dalyell | 2011 | Birlinn |
![]() | Alistair Darling | Chancellor of the Exchequer 2007-10 | Back from the Brink: 1,000 Days at Number 11 | 2011 | Atlantic |
![]() | Paul Flynn | MP for Newport West 1987-2019 | The Usual Suspect | 2010 | Biteback |
![]() | George Galloway | MP for Glasgow Hillhead 1987-2005 | I'm Not the Only One | 2004 | Penguin |
Parmjit Dhanda | MP for Gloucester 2001-10 | My Political Race: An Outsider's Journey to the Heart of British Politics | 2015 | Biteback | |
![]() | Tom Driberg | Party Chairman 1957-8 | Ruling Passions: The Autobiography by Tom Driberg | 1977 | Stein and Day |
![]() | Maria Fyfe | MP for Glasgow Maryhill 1987-2001 | A Problem Like Maria: A Woman's Eye View of Life as an MP | 2014 | Luath |
![]() | Bryan Gould | Chair of the Fabian Society 1988-9 | Goodbye to All That | 1995 | Macmillan |
![]() | Denis Healey | Chancellor of the Exchequer 1974-9 | The Time of my Life | 1994 | Random House |
![]() | Eric Heffer | MP for Liverpool Walton 1964-91 | Never a Yes Man: The Life and Politics of an Adopted Liverpudlian | 1991 | Verso |
![]() | Geoff Hoon | Defence Secretary 1999-2005 | See How They Run | 2021 | Unicorn |
![]() | Denis Howell | Minister for Sport 1974-9 | Made in Birmingham: The Memoirs of Denis Howell | 1990 | Queen Anne |
![]() | Ken Livingstone | Mayor of London 2000-8 | You Can't Say That | 2011 | Faber & Faber |
![]() | Stan Newens | MEP for Central London 1984-99 | In Quest of a Fairer Society: My Life and Politics | 2011 | Memoir Club |
![]() | Fiona Onasanya | MP for Peterborough 2017-9 | Snakes and Adders: A Set Up for the Step Up | 2020 | Independently |
![]() | Tom Pendry | MP for Stalybridge and Hyde 1970-2001 | Taking It On The Chin: Memoirs of a Parliamentary Bruiser | 2016 | Biteback |
![]() | Jess Phillips | MP for Birmingham Yardley since 2015 | Everything You Really Need to Know About Politics: My Life as an MP | 2016 | Simon & Schuster |
![]() | Edith Picton-Turbervill | MP for The Wrekin 1929-31 | Life is Good: An Autobiography | 1939 | F. Muller |
![]() | John Prescott | Deputy Prime Minister 1997-2007 | Prezza: My Story: Pulling No Punches | 2008 | Headline Review |
![]() | Nick Raynsford | MP for Greenwich and Woolwich 1997-2015 | Substance Not Spin: An Insider's View of Success and Failure in Government | 2016 | Policy |
![]() | Geoffrey Robinson | MP for Coventry North West 1976-2019 | The Unconventional Minister: My Life Inside New Labour | 2000 | Michael Joseph |
![]() | Joan Ruddock | MP for Lewisham Deptford 1987-2015 | Going Nowhere: A Memoir | 2016 | Biteback |
![]() | Hartley Shawcross | Attorney General for England and Wales 1945-51 | Life Sentence: The Memoirs of Lord Shawcross | 1995 | Constable |
![]() | Wes Streeting | MP for Ilford North since 2015 | One Boy, Two Bills and a Fry Up: A Memoir of Growing Up and Getting On | 2023 | Hodder & Stoughton |
![]() | George Thomas, 1st Viscount Tonypandy | Speaker of the Commons 1976-83 | Mr. Speaker: The Memoirs of Viscount Tonypandy | 1985 | Century |
![]() | Jack Straw | Lord Chancellor 2007-10 | Last Man Standing: Memoirs of a Political Survivor | 2012 | Pan Macmillan |
![]() | George Wigg, Baron Wigg | MP for Dudley 1945-67 | George Wigg | 1972 | Joseph |
![]() | Harold Wilson | Prime Minister 1964-70 and '74-6 | Memoirs: The Making of a Prime Minister 1916–1964 | 1986 | Weidenfeld and Nicolson |
![]() | Jack Ashley | MP for Stoke-on-Trent South 1966-92 | Acts of Defiance | 1994 | Reinhardt |
![]() | Jeremy Bray | MP for Middlesbrough West (1962-70), Motherwell and Wishaw (1974-13) and Motherwell South (1983-97) | Standing on the Shoulders of Giants: Science,Politics and Trust: A Parliamentary Life | 2004 | Elizabeth Bray |
![]() |
Fenner Brockway | General Secretary of the Independent Labour Party 1933-9 | Inside the Left: Thirty Years of Platform, Press, Prison and Parliament | 1942 | G. Allen & Unwin |
Towards Tomorrow | 1977 | Hart-Davis, MacGibbon | |||
98 Not Out | 1986 | Quartet |
Includes Liberals, Liberal Democrats and Social Democrats.
Image | Name | Notes | Title | Year | Publisher |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | Paddy Ashdown | Leader 1988-99 | A Fortunate Life: The Autobiography of Paddy Ashdown | 2010 | Aurum |
![]() | Norman Baker | MP for Lewes 1997-2015 Minister of State for Crime Prevention 2013-14 | Against the Grain | 2015 | Biteback |
![]() | Vince Cable | Deputy Leader 2006-10 MP for Twickenham 1997-2015 | Free Radical: A Memoir | 2010 | Atlantic |
![]() | Menzies Campbell | Leader 2006-7 | My Autobiography | 2008 | Hodder & Stoughton |
![]() | Nick Clegg | Leader 2007–15, Deputy Prime Minister 2010-15 | Politics: Between the Extremes | 2016 | Random House |
![]() | Tim Farron | Leader 2015-17 | A Better Ambition: Confessions of a Faithful Liberal | 2019 | SPCK |
![]() | Jeremy Thorpe | Leader 1967-76 | In My Own Time | 1999 | Biteback |
![]() | Shirley Williams | Leader in the House of Lords 2001-4 | Climbing the Bookshelves: The Autobiography of Shirley Williams | 2009 | Little, Brown Book Group |
![]() | Chris Rennard, Baron Rennard | Chief Executive 2003-9 | Winning Here: My Campaigning Life | 2018 | Biteback |
![]() | David Steel | Leader 1976-88 Liberal Leader 1976-88 | Against Goliath: David Steel's Story | 1989 | Weidenfeld and Nicolson |
![]() | Jo Grimond | Leader 1956-67 | Memoirs | 1979 | Holmes & Meier |
![]() | David Lloyd George | Prime Minister 1916-22 Leader 1926-31 | War Memoirs of David Lloyd George | 1933-7 | Ivor Nicholson & Watson |
![]() | Bill Rodgers, Baron Rodgers of Quarry Bank | Leader in the House of Lords 1997-2001 | Fourth Among Equals | 2000 | Politico's |
![]() | Cyril Smith | Chief Whip in the House of Commons 1976-7 | Big Cyril: The Autobiography | 1977 | W. H. Allen |
![]() | Mark Oaten | Chair 2001-3 | Screwing Up: How One MP Survived Politics, Scandal and Turning Forty | 2009 | Biteback |
![]() | Dick Taverne, Baron Taverne | MP for Lincoln 1962-74 | Against the Tide: Politics and Beyond - A Memoir | 2014 | Biteback |
![]() | Roy Jenkins | SDP Leader 1982-3 Leader in the Lords 1988-97 | A Life at the Centre | 1991 | Macmillan |
![]() |
David Laws | MP for Yeovil 2001-15 | 22 Days in May: The Birth of the Lib Dem-Conservative Coalition | 2010 | Biteback |
Coalition: The Inside Story of the Conservative-Liberal Democrat Coalition Government | 2016 | ||||
Coalition Diaries, 2012–2015 | 2017 |
Seamless Wikipedia browsing. On steroids.
Every time you click a link to Wikipedia, Wiktionary or Wikiquote in your browser's search results, it will show the modern Wikiwand interface.
Wikiwand extension is a five stars, simple, with minimum permission required to keep your browsing private, safe and transparent.