Lisdexamfetamine
Central nervous system stimulant prodrug / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Lisdexamfetamine, sold under the brand names Vyvanse and Elvanse among others, is a stimulant medication that is used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adults and for moderate-to-severe binge eating disorder in adults.[15] Lisdexamfetamine is taken by mouth. Its effects generally begin within two hours and last for up to 14 hours.[15]
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Trade names | Vyvanse, Tyvense, Elvanse, others |
Other names | L-Lysine-d-amphetamine; (2S)-2,6-Diamino-N-[(2S)-1-phenylpropan-2-yl]hexanamide N-[(2S)-1-Phenyl-2-propanyl]-L-lysinamide |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
MedlinePlus | a607047 |
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Dependence liability | Moderate[1][2] |
Addiction liability | Moderate[1][2] |
Routes of administration | By mouth |
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Bioavailability | Oral: 96.4%[9] |
Protein binding | 20% (as dextroamphetamine)[10] |
Metabolism | Hydrolysis by enzymes in red blood cells initially, subsequent metabolism follows |
Metabolites | Dextroamphetamine (and its metabolites) and L-lysine |
Onset of action | Oral: <2 hours[11][12] |
Elimination half-life | Lisdexamfetamine: <1 hour[13] Dextroamphetamine: 10–12 h[13][7] |
Duration of action | 10–12 hours[14][11][12] |
Excretion | Kidney: ~2% |
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Formula | C15H25N3O |
Molar mass | 263.385 g·mol−1 |
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Chirality | Dextrorotatory enantiomer |
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Common side effects of lisdexamfetamine include loss of appetite, anxiety, diarrhea, trouble sleeping, irritability, and nausea.[15] Rare but serious side effects include mania, sudden cardiac death in those with underlying heart problems, and psychosis.[15] It has a high potential for substance abuse per the United States Food and Drug Administration.[15] Serotonin syndrome may occur if used with certain other medications.[15] Its use during pregnancy may result in harm to the baby and use during breastfeeding is not recommended by the manufacturer.[16][15][17]
Lisdexamfetamine is an inactive prodrug that works after being converted by the body into dextroamphetamine, a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant.[15][18] Chemically, lisdexamfetamine is composed of the amino acid L-lysine, attached to dextroamphetamine.[19]
Lisdexamfetamine was approved for medical use in the United States in 2007, and in the European Union in 2012.[15][20] In 2021, it was the 69th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 9 million prescriptions.[21][22] It is a Class B controlled substance in the United Kingdom, a Schedule 8 controlled drug in Australia, and a Schedule II controlled substance in the United States.[16][23]