Liliʻuokalani's Privy Council of State

Following the January 20, 1891 death of King Kalākaua in San Francisco, his embalmed body arrived at Honolulu Harbor aboard the USS Charleston, draped in black with its ensigns at half mast.^[1] His sister Liliʻuokalani was designated his successor.^[2]

Liliʻuokalani

The Privy Council of State of the Kingdom of Hawaii was a constitutionally-created body purposed to advise and consent to acts made by the monarch. The cabinet ministers were ex-officio members. Other privy counselors were appointed by the monarch according to his (or her) personal wishes.^[3] At an emergency meeting of Kalākaua's privy council and justices of the supreme court, they were in accord that Liliʻuokalani be installed as monarch on January 29. She did not wish to discuss affairs of state during the period of mourning, but reluctantly acquiesced, and was given the oath of office by Hawaii Supreme Court Chief Justice Albert Francis Judd. Her husband John Owen Dominis was given the title of Prince Consort.^[4][5][6]

The 1887 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii had made a key change in regards to the cabinet ministers. The monarch was still empowered to appoint the ministers, but only the legislature, or a voluntary resignation, could remove them from office. After her brother's funeral, the queen demanded the resignations of his ministers, causing a legal challenge when they refused. The case was decided in her favor by the Supreme Court of the kingdom. All four cabinet members submitted their resignations, and three of the four remained on her privy council.^[7][8]

Below is a list of 57 individuals known to have served on the queen's privy council, all citizens and subjects of the kingdom. The advisory body was composed of men who were of Native Hawaiian descent, Euro-American descent, mixed Hawaiian and Euro-American descent, and one member of Asian-Hawaiian descent. They included the insurgents who would play an eventual role in the deposition of the queen, and also the political resistance leaders who would lead the opposition to the overthrow and attempts to annex the Hawaiian Islands to the United States. The meeting dates and the roster of individuals were gleaned from the Minutes of the Privy Council, 1881–1892 and the Hawaiian Registers and Directories for 1891, 1892 and 1893, published in Thomas G. Thrum’s Hawaiian Almanac and Annual.^[9][10] The century-old archived records are often spotty, and should not be considered complete.

Privy council members

Name	Portrait	Meeting dates	Notes	Ref(s)
William DeWitt Alexander		1891 Jan 29, Aug 31, Dec 18 1892 Apr 21	President of Oahu College 1864–1871, Surveyor General of the Kingdom	[11]
William Fessenden Allen		1891 Aug 31, Dec 18 1892 Apr 21, Jul 8, Aug 31, Nov 15	Served with the rank of colonel on the personal staffs of Kamehameha V, Lunalilo and Kalākaua. Privy Council of State under Kalākaua.	[12]
Joseph Ballard Atherton		1891 Apr 9, Aug 31, Dec 18 1892 Jul 8, Aug 31, Nov 15	President of Castle & Cooke, Ltd.	[13]
John Tamatoa Baker		Not present in any recorded Privy Council meetings, 1891–1892	1884–1891 Privy Council. Legislature of the Kingdom of Hawaii. Held the rank of Colonel on the queen's staff	[14]
Robert Hoapili Baker		Not present in any recorded Privy Council meetings, 1891–1892	1884–1891 Privy Council; Household Guard of Kalākaua; Member of the Legislature, House of Representatives	[15]
George Charles Moʻoheau Beckley		1892 Jul 8	1891–1892 Privy Council	[16]
Richard F. Bickerton		1891 Apr 9, Aug 31, Dec 18 1892 Apr 21, Jul 8, Aug 31, Nov 15	1891, Privy Council, 1878 House of Representatives; 1886–1895 Third Associate Justice of the Supreme Court	[17]
Charles Reed Bishop		1892 Apr 21, Jul 8, Aug 31	All Privy Councils since Kamehameha IV	[18]
Cecil Brown		1892 Nov 15	Attorney General Nov, 1892 – Jan 12, 1893	[19]
Godfrey Brown		1891 Jan 29	Minister of Finance Jan 29 – Feb 25, 1891	[20]
John Edward Bush		1891 Jan 29	House of Representatives 1890–1892	[21]
Joseph O. Carter		1891 Apr 9, Aug 31 1892 Jul 8, Aug 31, Nov 15	1873-1873 House of Representatives; 1891 Privy Council; Financial advisor to Liliʻuokalani	[22]
Archibald Scott Cleghorn		1891 Jan 29, Apr 9, Dec 18 1892 Apr 21, Jul 8, Aug 31, Nov 15	1873–1891 Privy Council; 1891–1893 Governor of Oahu; Husband of Liliʻuokalani's sister Likelike	[23]
William H. Cornwell		1891 Aug 31 1892 Apr 21, Jul 8, Aug 31	Minister of Finance November 1, 1892 – November 1, 1892	[24]
John Adams Cummins		1891 Jan 29, Aug 31, Dec 18 1892 Apr 21	House of Nobles 1890–1892 Minister of Foreign Affairs Jun 17, 1890 – Feb 25, 1891	[25]
Samuel Mills Damon		1891 Jan 29, Apr 9, Aug 31 1892 Apr 21, Jul 8, Aug 31	Cabinet minister under Kalākaua	[26]
Sanford B. Dole		1891 Dec 18 1892 Apr 21	President of both the Provisional Government of Hawaii and the Republic of Hawaii after the overthrow of the monarchy, and later became the 1st Governor of the Territory of Hawaii	[27]
John Owen Dominis		1891 Jan 29, Apr 9	Prince Consort of the Hawaiian islands, husband of Liliʻuokalani; 1863–1891 Privy Council; 1864–1886 Governor of Oahu; 1878–1886 Governor of Maui, Molokai, Lanai	[28]
John Ena		1891 Jan 29, Apr 9, Dec 18 1892 Apr 21, Aug 31	House of Nobles 1892 Kalākaua's privy council Created the Inter-Island Steam Navigation Company in 1883, with partners Thomas R. Foster, William Foster, George Norton Wilcox and William B. Godfrey.	[29]
Abraham Kaleimahoe Fernandez		1891 Dec 18 1892 Jul 8, Nov 15	Business man, elder in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints	[30]
Walter M. Giffard		Not present in any recorded Privy Council meetings, 1891–1892	Privy Council, Aug 5, 1891 Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Association Acting chancellor of the French legation; acting French commissioner and consul-general; acting consul general for Portugal	[31]
Frederick H. Hayselden		1891 Jan 29, Apr 9	Born in England, son-in-law of Walter Murray Gibson. Sheriff of Maui, inherited the island of Lanai from Gibson.	[32]
John Green Hoapili		1891 Apr 9, Aug 31 1892 Jul 8, Aug 31, Nov 15	House of Nobles 1891–1892	[33]
Curtis P. Iaukea		1891 Aug 31, Dec 18 1892 Apr 21, Jul 8, Aug 31, Nov 15	Career diplomat, office holder, and military officer for the Kingdom, Provisional Government, and Territory of Hawaii	[34]
William G. Irwin		1891 Jan 29, Aug 31 1892 Apr 21, Jul 8, Aug 31, Nov 15	1887 Privy Council under Kalākaua Business and investment banking partner of Claus Spreckels and former California governor F. F. Low. DBA as Claus Spreckels & Co, the partnership circulated the Kalākaua coinage in Hawaii and floated loans to the monarchy/government. Irwin was also a partner of Samuel Gardner Wilder in the steamship business.	[35]
Paul Isenberg Jr.		1891 Aug 31	aka Daniel Paul Rice Isenberg aka D. P. R. Isenberg 1903–1905 president Territorial Senate 1913–1915 Territorial House of Representatives son of Paul Isenberg of Amfac	[36]
Peter Cushman Jones		1892 Nov 15	Minister of Finance Nov 8, 1892 – Jan 12, 1893	[37]
Albert Francis Judd		1891 Jan 29, Apr 9, Aug 31, Dec 18 1892 Apr 21, Jul 8, Nov 15	Chief Justice Supreme Court of Hawaii Cabinet minister under Kalākaua Attorney General	[38]
Junius Kaʻae		1891 Jan 29, Apr 9, Aug 31, Dec 18	Member of the Legislature, House of Nobles 1882–86; Registrar of Conveyances 1886–87; Privy Council 1883	[39]
David Kahanu		1891 Jan 29, Apr 9, Aug 31, Dec 18 1892 Apr 21, Jul 8	1877 appointed to Private Ways & Water Rights. Appointed to Kalākaua's Privy Council June 25, 1879, and appointed to Liliʻuokalani's Privy Council on March 7, 1891.	[40]
Paul P. Kanoa		Not present in any recorded Privy Council meetings, 1891–1892	Cabinet minister under Kalākaua Minister of Finance	[41]
John Lot Kaulukoʻu		1891 Jan 29	Cabinet minister under Kalākaua Attorney General	[42]
John K. Kaunamano		1892 Jul 8, Nov 15	Member of the Legislature, House of Nobles	[43]
David Kawānanakoa		1891 Aug 31, Dec 18 1892 Apr 21, Jul 8, Nov 15	House of Kalākaua, third in line to the throne	[44]
Edward Kamakau Lilikalani		1891 Apr 9, Aug 31, Dec 18 1892 Apr 21, Jul 8, Aug 31, Nov 15	1883 Privy Council; 1889 Capt. King's Staff; 1890, 1st Lt. King's Guards; 1892, Col. Queen's Staff Royal Order of Oceania, Order of Oceania, Order of Kalakaua, Order of Kapiolani	[45]
Lawrence McCully		1891 Jan 29, Apr 9	1858–1859 Member of the Legislature, House of Representatives; 1860 Senate; 1878–1891 Privy Council; 1877–1892; Associate Justice of the Supreme Court	[46]
John Mott-Smith		1891 Aug 31	Minister of Finance July 28 – Oct 17, 1891	[47]
David Hopeni Nahinu		Not present in any recorded Privy Council meetings, 1891–1892	Member of the Legislature, House of Representatives	[48]
Paul Neumann		1891 Apr 9, Aug 31 1892 Apr 21, Jul 8, Aug 31	Attorney General Aug 29–30, 1892 Sept 12 – Oct 17, 1892 Acted as the queen's personal attorney after the overthrow.	[49]
Samuel Parker		1891 Jan 29, Apr 9, Aug 31, Dec 18 1892 Apr 21, Jul 8, Aug 31, Nov 15	Minister of Finance (acting) Mar 10 – June 28, 1891 Oct 17, 1891 – Jan 28 1892 Minister of Foreign Affairs Feb 25, 1891– Nov 1, 1892 Jan 13–17, 1893	[50]
Franklin Seaver Pratt		1891 Apr 9 1892 Apr 21, Jul 8, Nov 18	Consul-General in San Francisco	[51]
Godfrey Rhodes		Not present in any recorded Privy Council meetings, 1891–1892	Member of the Legislature, House of Nobles, President of the Legislative Assembly	[52]
George E. Richardson		Not present in any recorded Privy Council meetings, 1891–1892	George Edward Kekuihapo Richardson. Judge of the Second Judicial Circuit	[53]
John Richardson		1891 Aug 31, Dec 18 1892 Apr 21, Jul 8, Aug 31	Member of the Legislature, House of Representatives 1884, House of Nobles 1887-8. Part of the native Hawaiian commission that submitted the Kūʻē Petitions protesting annexation by the United States. Son of Circuit Judge John Richardson	[54]
James W. Robertson		1892 July 8	1888 Vice Chamberlain; 1881 Chamberlain; 1891 Major on staff of Gov. of Oahu; 1892 Privy Council	[55]
Mark Prever Robinson		1892 Apr 21, Aug 3, Nov 15	Minister of Foreign Affairs Nov 8, 1892 – Jan 12, 1893	[56]
Antone Rosa		1891 Apr 9, Aug 31, Dec 18 1892 Apr 21, Aug 31	Cabinet minister under Kalākaua Attorney General	[57]
William E. Rowell		1891 Jan 29	1884 Member of the Legislature, House of Representatives; 1887 Privy Council	[58]
William James Smith		1891 Jan 29, Apr 9 1892 Apr 21, Nov 15	Born in Tahiti, attended the Royal School (was he on the 1881 world trip?), decorated with the Royal Order of Kalākaua, and by the Emperor of Japan with the Order of the Sacred Treasure	[59]
Charles Nichols Spencer		1891 Jan 29, Apr 9, Aug 31, Dec 18 1892 Apr 21, Jul 8, Aug 31	Minister of the Interior Jun 17, 1890 – Sept 12, 1892	[60]
Alfred N. Tripp		1891 Jan 29, Apr 9, Aug 31, Dec 18 1892 Apr 21, Jul 8, Aug 31, Nov 15	Privy Council 1874, Aug 13, 1884 – Nov 15, 1892 Honolulu Harbor master Jul 28, 1883 Special Commissioner for Central and Western Polynesia.	[61]
John Smith Walker		1891 Jan 29, Apr 9, Aug 31 1892 Apr 21, Jul 8, Aug 31, Nov 15	Cabinet minister under Kalākaua Attorney General Minister of Finance	[62]
John T. Waterhouse Jr.		1891 Jan 29-Mar 7	Served on Kalākaua's Privy Council of State from Sept 19, 1887	[63]
Henry Martyn Whitney		1891 Jan 29, Apr 9, Aug 31, Dec 18 1892 Jul 8, Aug 31, Nov 15	Founder of Pacific Commercial Advertiser and Hawaiian language newspaper Ka Nupepa Kūʻokoʻa.	[64]
Hermann A. Widemann		1891 Apr 9, Dec 18 1892 Apr 21, Jul 8, Aug 31	Minister of Finance Feb 25 – Mar 10,1891 Jul 28 – Sept 12, 1892 Justice of the Supreme Court July 10, 1869 – Feb 18, 1874 Appointed by Kamehameha V	[65]
George Norton Wilcox		1892 Apr 21, Nov 15	Minister of the Interior Nov 8, 1892 – Jan 12, 1893	[66]
Charles Burnett Wilson		1891 Aug 31, Dec 18 1892 Apr 21, Nov 15	Fire chief under King Kalākaua, 1891 Privy Council, Marshal of the Kingdom under Queen Liliʻuokalani. Father of Honolulu Mayor John H. Wilson.	[67]

See also

• Liliʻuokalani's Cabinet ministers
• Kalākaua's Privy Council of State
• 1892 legislative session of the Hawaiian Kingdom
• MOS Hawaii-related articles

References

1. Kuykendall 1967, p. 473
2. "Proclamation-Liliuokalani as Successor on the Throne". The Hawaiian Gazette. August 25, 1877. Retrieved September 30, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
3. Kuykendall 1965, pp. 267–268.
4. Kuykendall 1967, p. 474
5. Liliuokalani 1898, pp. 209–211
6. "Proclamation". The Daily Bulletin. Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands. January 30, 1891. Retrieved January 6, 2019 – via Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress..
7. Kuykendall 1967, p. 367.
8. "Privy Council reappointment, March 7, 1891". The Honolulu Advertiser. March 17, 1891. Retrieved January 6, 2019.
9. Hawaii. Minutes of the Privy Council, 1881–1892. Honolulu: Ka Huli Ao Center for Excellence in Native Hawaiian Law, William S. Richardson School of Law. Archived from the original on May 31, 2016. Retrieved November 22, 2016. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
10. Thrum, Thomas G., ed. (1891). "Hawaiian Register and Directory for 1891". Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1891. Honolulu: Honolulu Star-Bulletin. p. 161. hdl:10524/661.; Thrum, Thomas G., ed. (1892). "Hawaiian Register and Directory for 1892". Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1892. Honolulu: Honolulu Star-Bulletin. p. 144. hdl:10524/662.; Thrum, Thomas G., ed. (1893). "Hawaiian Register and Directory for 1893". Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1893. Honolulu: Honolulu Star-Bulletin. p. 139. hdl:10524/663.
11. "Prof Alexander Dies After An Operation". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. February 22, 1913. Retrieved January 4, 2019.
12. "Allen, William F. office record". state archives digital collections. state of Hawaii. Archived from the original on July 30, 2010. Retrieved January 4, 2019.
13. George F. Nellist, ed. (1925). "Joseph Ballard Atherton". The Story of Hawaii and Its Builders. Honolulu Star Bulletin.
14. Lydecker 1918, pp. 156, 178; Kuykendall 1967, p. 271; "John T. Baker Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 5, 2019.
15. Kuykendall 1967, pp. 205–211; Lydecker 1918, p. 143; "The Election". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Honolulu. February 14, 1880. p. 2.; "Robert Hoapili Baker Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 6, 2019.
16. "Admiral Beckley Dies in Frisco". The Hawaiian Star. July 5, 1910. Retrieved January 6, 2019.; "George C. Beckley Sr. Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 6, 2019.
17. Kuykendall 1967, pp. 197, 301, 413–414, 476; "Richard Frederick Bickerton Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 6, 2019.; "Eulogizing the Dead". Hawaiian Gazette. December 17, 1895. p. 1. Retrieved December 23, 2019.; "End of an Able Jurist/The Last Sad Rites". The Hawaiian Gazette. No. December 13, 1895. p. 6, cols. 1–2.
18. "Bishop, Charles R. office record" (PDF). state archives digital collections. state of Hawaii. Retrieved January 9, 2019.
19. Kuykendall 1967, p. 579
20. Lydecker 1918, pp. 172, 178, 287.
21. "Bush, John Edward office record". state archives digital collections. state of Hawaii. Archived from the original on April 3, 2012. Retrieved October 22, 2010.
22. "A Well Merited Compliment". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands. March 2, 1891. col. 1. Retrieved January 4, 2019 – via Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.; "Joseph Oliver Carter Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 6, 2019.
23. "Death Came Last Night to Governor Cleghorn At His Home in Ainahau". The Hawaiian Gazette. November 4, 1910. p. 2. Retrieved January 4, 2019.; "Alexander Scott Cleghorn Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 6, 2019.
24. "A New Cabinet – Some New Ministers for the Public to Swallow". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Vol. XVII, no. 3277. Honolulu. January 14, 1893. p. 4. Retrieved January 5, 2019.
25. "John A. Cummins Gives in at Last and Passes Away: Death Came this Morning to Kamaaina and Ended Years of Illness—A Man who Made History in Hawaii". Hawaiian Gazette. March 21, 1913. pp. 1, 4. Retrieved January 5, 2019.
26. George F. Nellist, ed. (1925). "Samuel Mills Damon". The Story of Hawaii and Its Builders. Honolulu Star Bulletin.
27. George F. Nellist, ed. (1925). "Sanford B. Dole". The Story of Hawaii and Its Builders. Honolulu Star Bulletin.
28. Kuykendall 1967, p. 102; "John Owen Dominis Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 6, 2019.
29. "Inter-Island Steam Navigation Company". The Honolulu Advertiser. March 20, 1883. Retrieved December 16, 2018.; "John Ena Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 6, 2019.
30. "Abraham Fernandez Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 6, 2019.; "Death of Abraham Fernandez 1915". The Honolulu Advertiser. June 15, 1915. Retrieved January 6, 2019.
31. "Giffard, Walter M. office record" (PDF). state archives digital collections. state of Hawaii. Retrieved January 4, 2019.; George F. Nellist, ed. (1925). "Walter Le M. Giffard". The Story of Hawaii and Its Builders. Honolulu Star Bulletin.
32. Kuykendall 1967, pp. 281, 283, 363, 365; "1924 Death of F. H. Hayselden". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. January 3, 1924. p. 6.; "1903 Death of Mrs. Talula Hayselden". Hawaii Herald. May 28, 1903. p. 2.
33. Lydecker 1918, pp. 107, 109, 182.
34. "Curtis P. Iaukea obit". The Honolulu Advertiser. March 6, 1940. Retrieved January 5, 2019.
35. George F. Nellist, ed. (1925). "William G. Irwin". The Story of Hawaii and Its Builders. Honolulu Star-Bulletin.; "William George Irwin Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 14, 2019.; Kuykendall 1967, pp. 60, 82, 85, 90, 102, 291–292
36. George F. Nellist, ed. (1925). "Daniel Paul Rice Isenberg". The Story of Hawaii and Its Builders. Honolulu Star Bulletin.; "Paul Isenberg is Dead After Brief Illness". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. April 15, 1919.
37. George F. Nellist, ed. (1925). "Peter Cushman Jones". The Story of Hawaii and Its Builders. Honolulu Star Bulletin.
38. George F. Nellist, ed. (1925). "Albert Francis Judd". The Story of Hawaii and Its Builders. Honolulu Star Bulletin.
39. "Kaae, Junius office record" (PDF). state archives digital collections. State of Hawaii.
40. "David Kahanu Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 6, 2019.
41. Kuykendall 1967, p. 292.
42. "Kaulukou, John Lot. office record" (PDF). state archives digital collections. state of Hawaii. Retrieved February 3, 2017.
43. Lydecker 1918, pp. 103, 107, 143, 147, 156, 182, 293; "John K. Kaunamano Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
44. "Death Of Prince David Kawanakoa Yesterday". The Hawaiian Gazette. June 5, 1908. p. 2. Retrieved January 5, 2019.
45. Lydecker 1918, pp. 136, 143, 147, 152, 156, 272, 274; Kuykendall 1967, pp. 194–195; "Edward K. Lilikalani Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 6, 2019.; "Hawaiian Chief Joins Majority, E K. Lilikalani obit". Hilo Daily Tribune. November 13, 1917.
46. Kuykendall 1967, pp. 237, 476; "Lawrence McCully Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 6, 2019.
47. Lydecker 1918, pp. 51, 107, 109, 117, 121, 136, 139, 143, 147, 152, 156, 297.
48. Lydecker 1918, pp. 103, 124, 127, 147, 152, 156, 297.
49. "Neumann, Paul office record". state archives digital collections. state of Hawaii. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved June 17, 2010.; "Abdication of Queen Liliuokalan: Safety at the Price of a Kingdom, of Little Moment Now for the Cause of the Royalists is a Lost Cause". The Morning Call. San Francisco. February 7, 1895. Retrieved January 1, 2019.
50. Kuykendall 1967, p. 581.
51. "Pratt, Franklin S. office record". state archives digital collections. state of Hawaii. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved January 4, 2019.
52. Kuykendall 1967, pp. 39, 129–130, 195, 255, 272, 473; "Godfrey Rhodes Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection.; "Godfrey Rhodes:Died This Morning After Short Illness". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. September 8, 1897. p. Image 1.
53. "Privy Council of State". The Daily Bulletin. April 22, 1892. p. Image 2. col. 1. Retrieved January 14, 2018.; "George E. Richardson Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 14, 2019.l "George Richardson Death". The Honolulu Advertiser. April 18, 1892.
54. "Death Ends The Career of Col. Richardson". The Maui News. June 29, 1917. Retrieved January 4, 2019.; "Office Record of John Richardson Jr" (PDF). State of Hawaii. Retrieved February 11, 2020.
55. "Robertson, James William". Mini Biographies of Scots and Scots Descendants. Electric Scotland. Retrieved January 4, 2019.; "James William Robertson Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 6, 2019.
56. Kuykendall 1967, p. 579
57. Lydecker 1918, p. 299.
58. "W. E. Rowell to Be Interred at Old Kawaiahao". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. March 20, 1916. pp. 11, col. 3. Retrieved January 5, 2018.; "William E. Rowell Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 6, 2019.
59. "The Death of W. J. Smith". The Hawaiian Gazette. March 24, 1896. pp. 3, col. 2. Retrieved January 5, 2019.
60. "Spencer, Charles Nicholas office record" (PDF). state archives digital collections. state of Hawaii. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 23, 2017. Retrieved January 4, 2019.
61. "Captain Tripp Will Be Laid At Rest Today". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. December 29, 1913. p. Image 5. Retrieved January 5, 2019.; "Alfred N. Tripp Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 5, 2019.
62. "Hon. J. S. Walker is Dead". The Hawaiian Star. May 29, 1893. p. 5, col. 1. Retrieved January 4, 2019.
63. "John Thomas Waterhouse, Jr. Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved February 11, 2020.
64. "The Death of H. M. Whitney". The Independent. August 18, 1904. p. 1. Retrieved January 4, 2019.
65. "Widemann, Hermann A. office record". state archives digital collections. state of Hawaii. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved January 4, 2019.; Kuykendall 1967, pp. 12–13
66. "Wilcox, George N. office record". state archives digital collections. state of Hawaii. Archived from the original on March 20, 2012. Retrieved June 26, 2010.
67. "Charles B. Wilson Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 6, 2019.

Bibliography

• Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson (1965) [1938]. The Hawaiian Kingdom 1778–1854, Foundation and Transformation. Vol. 1. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-87022-431-X. OCLC 47008868.
• Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson (1967). The Hawaiian Kingdom 1874–1893, The Kalakaua Dynasty. Vol. 3. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-87022-433-1. OCLC 500374815.
• Lydecker, Robert C. (1918). Rosters of Legislatures of Hawaii 1841–1918. The Honolulu Gazette Col., Ltd.
• Liliuokalani, Queen (1898). Hawaii's story by Hawaii's Queen, Liliuokalani. Boston, MA: Lothrop, Lee and Shepard Co. – via HathiTrust.
• "By Authority". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Honolulu. March 17, 1891. p. 2. Retrieved January 4, 2019.
• "Privy Council of State office record" (PDF). state archives digital collections. state of Hawaii. Retrieved February 3, 2017.