Leslie Comrie

Leslie John Comrie FRS^[1] (15 August 1893 – 11 December 1950) was an astronomer and a pioneer in mechanical computation.

Leslie Comrie FRS
Born	(1893-08-15)15 August 1893 Pukekohe, New Zealand
Died	11 December 1950(1950-12-11) (aged 57)
Nationality	New Zealand
Alma mater	Auckland University College
Known for	Ephemeris calculation automation
Awards	Fellow of the Royal Society[1]
Scientific career
Fields	Astronomy

Life

Leslie John Comrie was born in Pukekohe (south of Auckland), New Zealand, on 15 August 1893. He attended Auckland University College (part of the University of New Zealand) from 1912 to 1916, graduating with BA and MA degrees with Honours in Chemistry.^[2] During World War I, despite severe deafness, he saw action in France with the New Zealand Expeditionary Force, and lost his left leg in February 1918 to a British shell.^[3] While convalescing, he started using a mechanical calculator and went on to modify commercial calculators for specific projects.

Having joined while in school in New Zealand,^[4] Comrie was eventually the first director (1920–1922) of the Computing Section of the British Astronomical Association. In 1923 he received a PhD from St John's College of the University of Cambridge. He travelled to the United States to teach at Swarthmore College and Northwestern University in 1924, where he also pioneered the teaching of numerical analysis. He returned to England to join the HM Nautical Almanac Office at the Royal Greenwich Observatory, where he became deputy superintendent in 1926.^[5]

His article On the Construction of Tables by Interpolation was published in April 1928, and described the use of punched card equipment for interpolating tables of data, in contrast to the more inefficient and error-prone methods involving mechanical devices like the pinwheel calculators under the Brunsviga brand name. In the same year, he became the first person to use punched card equipment for scientific calculations, by using Fourier synthesis to compute the principal terms in the motion of the Moon between 1935 and 2000 (improving upon the predictions of Ernest William Brown). Wallace J. Eckert, an American student of Brown at Columbia University, would later use IBM's vast computational resources to refine the predictions even further.^[6]

He was promoted to Superintendent of the Nautical Almanac Office in 1930. However, his unconventional use of machines for calculation caused tensions with his superiors, and he was suspended in August 1936.^[7]

Comrie founded in 1937 the world's first private company for scientific computing, incorporated as Scientific Computing Service, Limited.^[8][9] During World War II, he headed a team of 30 scientists to computerize war work, such as the creation of bombing tables for the Allies of World War II. He later used this technology to computerize British football pools.

After the war, Comrie visited the United States and New Zealand in 1948.^[10] Comrie was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London in March 1950.^[1]

Comrie is also remembered for his work in astronomy, as he published both scientific and popular articles on subjects ranging from predicting eclipses to the green flash. He died on 11 December 1950 at age 57, following a series of strokes. A lunar crater (23.3N 112.7W) and an asteroid, 3521 Comrie, bear his name, as does the computer lab at the University of Auckland, which was named on the 50th anniversary of his death.^[2]

Publications

• Comrie, L. J.; Levin, A.E. (1921). "Eclipse of Rhea by the shadow of Titan". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 81 (7): 486–487. Bibcode:1921MNRAS..81..486C. doi:10.1093/mnras/81.7.486.
• Comrie, L. J. (1928). "On the construction of, by interpolation tables". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 88 (6): 506–523. Bibcode:1928MNRAS..88..506C. doi:10.1093/mnras/88.6.506.
• "1928 March 9 meeting of the Royal Astronomical Society". The Observatory. 81: 105–106. 1928. Bibcode:1928Obs....51..105.
• —— (1932). "The application of the Hollerith tabulating machine to Brown's tables of the moon". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 92 (7): 694–707. Bibcode:1932MNRAS..92..694C. doi:10.1093/mnras/92.7.694.
• —— (1933). "The computation of total solar eclipses". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 93 (3): 175–181. Bibcode:1933MNRAS..93..175C. doi:10.1093/mnras/93.3.175.
• —— (1933). "The total solar eclipse of 1940 October 1". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 93 (3): 181–184. Bibcode:1933MNRAS..93..181C. doi:10.1093/mnras/93.3.181.
• —— (1937). "The application of the Brunsviga twin 13Z calculating machine to the Hartmann formula for the reduction of prismatic spectrograms". The Observatory. 60: 70–73. Bibcode:1937Obs....60...70C.
• Comrie, L. J.; Burrough, S. M. (December 1941). "Line of Planets". Popular Astronomy. 49: 397–398. Bibcode:1941PA.....49..397C.
• Comrie, L. J. (December 1942). "Errors in Mathematical Tables". Nature. 150 (3816): 738. Bibcode:1942Natur.150..738C. doi:10.1038/150738b0.
• —— (December 1949). "The Green (?) Flash (?)". Popular Astronomy. 57: 42–43. Bibcode:1949PA.....57...42C.

Obituaries

• "Obituary". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 113 (3): 294–304. 1953. Bibcode:1953MNRAS.113R.294.
• "Obituary". Journal of the British Astronomical Association. 61 (4): 132. 1951. Bibcode:1951JBAA...61..132.
• "Obituary". The Observatory. 71 (4): 24. 1951. Bibcode:1951Obs....71...24.

References

1. Massey, H. S. W. (1952). "Leslie John Comrie. 1893–1950". Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society. 8 (21): 96–107. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1952.0006. JSTOR 768801. S2CID 120889334.
2. Garry Tee. "Comrie Lecture 2000". Department of Mathematics at the University of Auckland. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
3. Martin Campbell-Kelly; Mary Croarken; Raymond Flood (2003). The History of Mathematical Tables. Oxford University Press. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-19-850841-0.
4. Hockey, Thomas (2009). The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. Springer Publishing. ISBN 978-0-387-31022-0. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
5. "Obituary: Leslie John Comrie". The Observatory. Vol. 71. 1951. pp. 24–26. Bibcode:1951Obs....71...24. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
6. Frank da Cruz. "Professor Wallace J. Eckert". A Chronology of Computing at Columbia University web site. Columbia University. Retrieved 5 June 2010. (includes photographs, references and bibliography)
7. "Papers of Leslie John Comrie". Royal Greenwich Observatory Archives. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
8. "NAHC/SCS Scientific Computing Service Ltd" (PDF). UK National Archive for the History of Computing. University of Manchester Centre for the History of Science, Technology and Medicine. p. 106. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
9. Croarken, Mary (1999). "Case 5,656: L.J. Comrie and the origins of the Scientific Computing Service Ltd". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 21 (4): 70–71. doi:10.1109/MAHC.1999.801536. S2CID 22818807.
10. Ivan Leslie Thomsen (1966). A. H. McLintock (ed.). "Comrie, Leslie John, F.R.S. (1893–1950)". An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 4 June 2010.

External links

• Frank da Cruz. "L.J. Comrie". A Chronology of Computing at Columbia University. Columbia University. Retrieved 5 June 2010. (includes photographs, references, bibliography, and publication list)
• Recording of an interview with Comrie titled Mathematics in war on radio station 1YA on 5 April 1948 (MP3 format)
• Extract from Peter Isaac's Computing in New Zealand p64 at the Wayback Machine (archived 10 March 2005)