Leda (mythology)

For other uses of "Leda", see Leda.

In Greek mythology, Leda (/ˈliːdə, ˈleɪ-/; Ancient Greek: Λήδα [lɛ́ːdaː]) was an Aetolian princess who became a Spartan queen. According to Ovid, she was famed for her beautiful black hair and snowy skin.^[1] Her myth gave rise to the popular motif in Renaissance and later art of Leda and the Swan.

Leda and the Swan, ancient fresco from Pompeii

Family

Leda and the Swan, 16th-century copy after the lost painting by Michelangelo

Leda was the daughter of the Aetolian King Thestius hence she was also called Thestias.^[2] Her mother was possibly Leucippe,^[3] Deidameia, daughter of Perieres,^[4] Eurythemis, daughter of Cleoboea,^[5] or Laophonte, daughter of Pleuron.^[6] According to Alcman, Leda's parents were Glaucus and Laophonte^[6] while Eumelus attested that they are Sisyphus and Panteiduia or Paneidyia.^[7]

She married king Tyndareus of Sparta and by him became the mother of Helen of Troy, Clytemnestra, Castor, and Pollux (also called "Polydeuces"). Leda also had three other daughters by Tyndareus: Timandra, Phoebe, and Philonoe.

Mythology

1st-century sculpture of Leda and the Swan in the Getty Villa

Leda was admired by Zeus, who seduced her in the guise of a swan. As a swan, Zeus fell into her arms for protection from a pursuing eagle. Their consummation, on the same night as Leda lay with her husband Tyndareus, resulted in two eggs from which hatched Helen (later known as the beautiful "Helen of Troy"), Clytemnestra, and Castor and Pollux (also known as the Dioscuri). Which children are the progeny of Tyndareus the mortal king, and which are of Zeus and thus half-immortal, is not consistent among accounts, nor is which child hatched from which egg. The split is almost always half mortal, half divine, although the pairings do not always reflect the children's heritage pairings. Castor and Pollux are sometimes both mortal, sometimes both divine. One consistent point is that if only one of them is immortal, it is Pollux. It is also always stated that Helen is the daughter of Zeus.

In Homer's Iliad, Helen looks down from the walls of Troy and wonders why she does not see her brothers among the Achaeans. The narrator remarks that they are both already dead and buried back in their homeland of Lacedaemon, thus suggesting that at least in the Homeric tradition, both were mortal.

Another account of the myth states that Nemesis (Νέμεσις) was the mother of Helen, and was also impregnated by Zeus in the guise of a swan. A shepherd found the egg and gave it to Leda, who carefully kept it in a chest until the egg hatched. When the egg hatched, Leda adopted Helen as her daughter. Zeus also commemorated the birth of Helen by creating the constellation Cygnus (Κύκνος), the Swan, in the sky.

In art

Main article: Leda and the Swan

Leda and the Swan, Leda and the Egg, and Leda with her children were popular subjects in ancient art. In the post-classical arts, it became a potent source of inspiration. It is the subject of William Butler Yeats' poem Leda and the Swan. She is also the main subject in Honoré Desmond Sharrer's "Leda & the Folks", a large painting focusing as well on the parents of entertainer Elvis Presley and currently located at the Smith College Museum of Art.

Australian artist Sidney Nolan produced at least a dozen interpretations of Leda and the Swan in the 1950s and 1960s, connected with his work on the myths of the Trojan War and World War I.^[8]

In October 2022, the myth inspired Hozier to write a song in response to the Dobbs v. Jackson decision by the Supreme Court of the United States, which repealed Roe v. Wade. The song is called Swan Upon Leda.^[9]

Genealogy

Comparative table of Leda's family

Relation	Name	Sources
		Hom.	Hom. Hymns		Eum.	Alc.	Pher.	Aes.	Eur.		Sch. on Apollon.	Dio.	Str.	Dic.	Apollod.		Hyg.	Luc.	Clement	Fulgentius
Parentage	Thestius and Laophonte					✓	✓				✓								✓
	Thestius and Deidameia										✓
	Thestius and Eurythemis														✓
	Thestius and Leucippe																✓[10]
	Glaucus and Laophonte																		✓
	Sisyphus and Panteiduia				✓						✓
	Thestius								✓				✓
Siblings	Iphiclus										✓				✓		✓
	Althaea					✓	✓				✓				✓		✓
	Plexippus														✓
	Eurypylus														✓
	Evippus														✓
	Hypermnestra														✓		✓
Seducer (disguised)	Zeus		✓						✓		✓	✓			✓		✓		✓	✓
Consort	Tyndareus	✓		✓				✓		✓	✓		✓	✓		✓
Children	Castor	✓	✓						✓	✓	✓				✓			✓[11]	✓	✓
	Polydeuces	✓	✓						✓	✓	✓				✓	✓		✓[11]	✓	✓
	Helen								✓			✓		✓	✓		✓	✓[12]	✓	✓
	Clytemnestra							✓		✓						✓
	Timandra															✓
	Phoebe									✓						✓
	Philonoe															✓

Name	Relation	Name	Relation
Epicaste	Great-grandmother (Demonice's mother)	Iphiclus	Brother
Agenor	Great-grandfather (Demonice's father)	Helen of Troy	Daughter/great aunt (Ares' sister)
Zeus	Lover/great-grandfather (Ares' father)	Clytemnestra	Daughter
Hera	Great-grandmother (Ares' mother)	Pollux	Son/great uncle (Ares' brother)
Ares	Grandfather (Thestius's father)	Timandra	Daughter
Demonice	Grandmother (Thestius' mother)	Philonoe	Daughter
Cleoboea	Grandmother (Eurythemis' mother)	Castor	Son/great uncle (Ares' brother)
Thestius	Father	Phoebe	Daughter
Eurythemis	Mother	Ladocus	Grandson (Timandra's son)
Evenus	Uncle	Iphigenia	Granddaughter (Clytemnestra's daughter)
Molus	Uncle	Aletes	Grandson (Clytemnestra's son)
Pylus	Uncle	Orestes	Grandson (Clytemnestra's son)
Marpessa	Cousin (Evenus' daughter)	Erigone	Granddaughter (Clytemnestra's daughter)
Tyndareus	Husband/Second-Cousin (Zeus's Great-Grandson)	Hermione	Granddaughter/first cousin once removed (Helen's daughter)
Althaea	Sister	Nicostratus	Grandson/first cousin once removed (Helen's son)
Eurypylus	Brother	Electra	Granddaughter (Clytemnestra's daughter)
Hypermnestra	Sister	Anaxias	Grandson (Castor's son)
Plexippus	Brother	Mnasinus	Grandson/first cousin once removed (Pollux's son)
Toxeus	Brother

Notes

1. Ovid. The Amores. Book II Elegy IV.
2. Apollodorus, 3.10.5; Pausanias, 3.13.8; Euripides, Iphigenia at Aulis 49
3. Hyginus, Fabulae 14
4. Scholia on Apollonius Rhodius, 201
5. Apollodorus, 1.7.10
6. Alcman, fr .15 as cited in Scholia on Apollonius of Rhodes, 1.146
7. Scholiast on Apollonius Rhodius, 1.146 as cited in Lyric Poets. Eumelus, Life
8. "Leda and swan, 1958 by Sidney Nolan". www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 2022-11-13.
9. "'Swan Upon Leda' Review: For Hozier, Oppression and Resistance are Mythical and Mundane". www.thecrimson.com. Retrieved 2023-03-23.
10. Leda's and Hypermnestra's mother might be Leucippe as well because there was no other woman mentioned as the wife of Thestius other than Leucippe in this text.
11. Though unnamed but certainly pertained to him
12. Though unnamed but certainly pertained to her

References

• Apollodorus, The Library with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. ISBN 0-674-99135-4. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.
• Gaius Julius Hyginus, Fabulae from The Myths of Hyginus translated and edited by Mary Grant. University of Kansas Publications in Humanistic Studies. Online version at the Topos Text Project.
• March, J. (1999). Cassell's Dictionary Of Classical Mythology. London. ISBN 0-304-35161-X.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Peck, H. (1898). Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities.

External links

• Media related to Leda at Wikimedia Commons
• Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (ca 200 images of Leda) Archived 2015-04-10 at the Wayback Machine