Italian cruiser Umbria

Umbria was a protected cruiser of the Italian Regia Marina (Royal Navy) built in the 1890s. She was the lead ship of the Regioni class, which included five other vessels. All of the ships were named for current or former regions of Italy. The ship was equipped with a main armament of four 15 cm (5.9 in) and six 12 cm (4.7 in) guns, and she could steam at a speed of 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph). Umbria spent much of her career abroad, including several years in American waters. In service during a period of relative peace, Umbria never saw combat. In 1911, she was sold to Haiti and renamed Consul Gostrück, though she did not serve for very long under the Haitian flag. Her crew was too inexperienced to operate the ship, and she foundered shortly after being transferred to the Haitian Navy.

Umbria's sister ship Etruria in 1895
History
Italy
Name	Umbria
Namesake	Region of Umbria
Builder	Cantiere navale fratelli Orlando, Livorno
Laid down	1 August 1888
Launched	23 April 1891
Commissioned	16 February 1894
Out of service	1910
Fate	Sold to Haiti, December 1910
Haiti
Name	Consul Gostrück
Acquired	December 1910
Fate	Broken up, 1913
General characteristics
Class and type	Regioni-class protected cruiser
Displacement	Normal: 2,245 to 2,689 long tons (2,281 to 2,732 t) Full load: 2,411 to 3,110 long tons (2,450 to 3,160 t)
Length	84.8 m (278 ft 3 in)
Beam	12.03 m (39 ft 6 in)
Draft	5.35 m (17 ft 7 in)
Installed power	4 × fire-tube boilers 5,536 ihp (4,128 kW)
Propulsion	2 × screw propellers 2 × triple-expansion steam engines
Speed	18.1 knots (33.5 km/h; 20.8 mph)
Range	2,100 nmi (3,900 km; 2,400 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph)
Complement	213–278
Armament	4 × 15 cm (5.9 in) guns 6 × 12 cm (4.7 in) guns 1 × 75 mm (3 in) gun 8 × 57 mm (2.2 in) guns 2 × 37 mm (1.5 in) guns 2 × 450 mm (17.7 in) torpedo tubes
Armor	Deck: 50 mm (2 in) Conning tower: 50 mm

Design

Main article: Regioni-class cruiser

Plan and profile drawing of the Regioni class

Umbria was 84.8 meters (278 ft 3 in) long overall and had a beam of 12.03 m (39 ft 6 in) and a draft of 5.35 m (17 ft 7 in). Specific displacement figures have not survived for individual members of the class, but they displaced 2,245 to 2,689 long tons (2,281 to 2,732 t) normally and 2,411 to 3,110 long tons (2,450 to 3,160 t) at full load. The ships had a ram bow and a flush deck. Each vessel was fitted with a pair of pole masts. She had a crew of between 213 and 278.^[1]

Her propulsion system consisted of a pair of horizontal triple-expansion steam engines that drove two screw propellers. Steam was supplied by four cylindrical fire-tube boilers that were vented into two funnels.^[1] On her speed trials, she reached a maximum of 19 knots (35 km/h; 22 mph) at 7,400 indicated horsepower (5,500 kW).^[2] The ship had a cruising radius of about 2,100 nautical miles (3,900 km; 2,400 mi) at a speed of 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph).^[1]

Umbria was armed with a main battery of four 15 cm (5.9 in) L/40 guns mounted singly, with two side by side forward and two side by side aft. A secondary battery of six 12 cm (4.7 in) L/40 guns were placed between them, with three on each broadside. Close-range defense against torpedo boats consisted of one 75 mm (3 in) gun, eight 57 mm (2.2 in) guns, two 37 mm (1.5 in) guns, and a pair of machine guns. She was also equipped with two 450 mm (17.7 in) torpedo tubes. Umbria was protected by a 50 mm (2 in) thick deck, and her conning tower had 50 mm thick sides.^[1]

Service history

Umbria was built by the Cantiere navale fratelli Orlando shipyard in Livorno. Her keel was laid down on 1 August 1888.^[1] Shortages of funding slowed the completion of Umbria and her sister ships. Tight budgets forced the navy to reduce the pace of construction so that the funds could be used to keep the active fleet in service.^[3] As a result, her hull was not ready to be launched until 23 April 1891, and fitting-out work took another almost three years to complete. Umbria finally joined the fleet on 16 February 1894.^[1] After entering service, she was stationed in Taranto along with the ironclads Affondatore and Ancona, the protected cruisers Liguria and Etruria, the torpedo cruisers Monzambano, Montebello, and Confienza, and several other vessels. She remained there through 1894.^[4] On 1 February 1897, Umbria was assigned to the Cruiser Squadron of the main Italian fleet, along with her sister Liguria and the cruisers Marco Polo and Dogali.^[5] Later that year, Umbria and Dogali cruised off the eastern coast of South America.^[6] In 1902, Umbria was part of a squadron with the protected cruisers Calabria and Giovanni Bausan in American waters.^[7]

In September 1904, Umbria stopped in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to supervise the transfer of sailors who had been killed by a yellow fever outbreak on her sister Lombardia in 1896. The men, 134 in all, had been buried in various cemeteries, but were re-interred in a large mausoleum in São Francisco Xavier.^[8] On 29 December, Umbria stopped in Valparaiso, where she met the German cruiser SMS Falke and the United States' cruisers USS New York and USS Marblehead and the gunboat USS Bennington.^[9] In June 1905, Umbria represented Italy at the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition in Portland, Oregon. She was joined there by the United States' cruisers USS Chicago and USS Boston.^[10] She visited San Diego, California in August exchanging salutes and visits with the commander of the coastal fortification outside the city. Two days after arriving, Umbria's captain, officers, and twenty crewmen went ashore and placed a wreath to commemorate the men who had been killed aboard the United States' gunboat Bennington in a boiler explosion.^[11] Umbria ran aground outside Kingston, Jamaica in July 1906, while en route from Puerto Rico. The salvage ship SS Premier assisted in pulling the ship free.^[12]

By 1910, the Regia Marina had decided to dispose of the obsolescent cruiser. Rumors that year of a potential sale to the Ecuadorian Navy prompted Peru to buy the old French cruiser Dupuy de Lôme, though Ecuador did not end up purchasing Umbria.^[13] Instead, in December 1910, the Regia Marina sold Umbria to the Haitian Navy, but she did not arrive in Port-de-Paix, Haiti, until 13 June 1911. After the sale, the ship was renamed Consul Gostrück. The ship was rumored to be carrying Cipriano Castro, the deposed president of Venezuela, though they later proved to be false.^[14][15] A German captain, Willy Meyer, was hired to take command of the ship upon her arrival in Haiti, but due to the lengthy delays, he quit.^[16] The cruiser sank shortly after entering service because her crew was not experienced in handling the ship.^[17] Consul Gostrück was eventually raised and towed to Rotterdam, the Netherlands, for disposal in 1913.^[18][19]

Notes

1. Fraccaroli, p. 349.
2. Notes on Ships and Torpedo Boats 1896, p. 67.
3. Notes on Ships and Torpedo Boats 1891, p. 41.
4. Garbett 1894, p. 201.
5. Robinson, p. 186.
6. Garbett 1897, p. 789.
7. Garbett 1902, p. 1075.
8. Public Health Reports, p. 1999.
9. Annual Reports, p. 481.
10. Southard, p. 1.
11. Thompson, p. 49.
12. The Summary, p. 2.
13. Feron, p. 45.
14. The Search for Castro, p. 1342.
15. "Deny Castro is on Steamer Grostuck" (PDF). The New York Times. 16 June 1911. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
16. "Castro in Haiti Alarms Nations". The Ogdensburg Journal. 15 June 1911. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
17. Gardiner & Gray, p. 416.
18. Speerstra, p. 74.
19. De Haas & Pilkes, p. 37.

References

• De Haas & Pilkes, eds. (1992). "De tweede Zwarte Zee". De vier Zwarte Zeeën. Alkmaar: De Alk. ISBN 90-6013-999-2.
• Feron, Luc (2011). "The Cruiser Dupuy-de-Lôme". In Jordan, John (ed.). Warship 2011. London: Conway. ISBN 978-1-84486-133-0.
• Fraccaroli, Aldo (1979). "Italy". In Gardiner, Robert (ed.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 334–359. ISBN 978-0-85177-133-5.
• Garbett, H., ed. (1894). "Naval and Military Notes". Journal of the Royal United Service Institution. XXXVIII. London: J. J. Keliher: 193–206. OCLC 8007941.
• Garbett, H., ed. (June 1897). "Naval Notes—Italy". Journal of the Royal United Service Institution. XLI (232): 788–790. OCLC 8007941.
• Garbett, H., ed. (1902). "Naval Notes". Journal of the Royal United Service Institution. XLVI. London: J. J. Keliher: 1060–1079. OCLC 8007941.
• Gardiner, Robert & Gray, Randal, eds. (1985). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-907-3.
• "News of the Week – Condensed". The Summary. XXXIII (75). Elmira: New York State Reformatory: 2. 21 July 1906.
• "Notes on Ships and Torpedo Boats". Notes on the Year's Naval Progress. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office: 7–70. 1891.
• "Notes on Ships and Torpedo Boats". Notes on the Year's Naval Progress. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office: 11–94. 1896.
• "Panama". Annual Reports of the Navy Department for the Year 1905. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office: 480–481. 1906.
• "Reburial of Yellow-Fever Victims From the Italian Naval Vessel Lombardia, Did 1896". Public Health Reports. XIX. Washington DC: Government Printing Office: 1999. 1905. OCLC 1799423.
• Robinson, Charles N., ed. (1897). "The Fleets of the Powers in the Mediterranean". The Navy and Army Illustrated. III. London: Hudson & Kearnes: 186–187. OCLC 7489254.
• Southard, Clare O., ed. (22 June 1905). "Some Buildings of the "Pearl City"". The Pacific Ensign. XV (21). San Francisco: Woman's Christian Temperance Union of California: 1, 6. OCLC 49454705.
• Speerstra, Hylke (1977). "Het dagzeggertje". Bij nacht en ontij: Slepers Bergers Baggeraars. Bussum: Unieboek. ISBN 90-228-1944-2.
• "The Search for Castro". The Independent. LXX. New York: S. W. Benedict: 1342. 1911. OCLC 4927591.
• Thompson, Erwin N. (1991). The Guns of San Diego: San Diego Harbor Defenses, 1796-1947 : Historic Resource Study, Cabrillo National Monument. San Diego: National Park Service. OCLC 25772300.

External links

• Umbria Marina Militare website (in Italian)