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Russian-language community on the internet From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Russian Internet (Russian: русский Интернет) or Runet (Russian: Рунет), is the part of the Internet that uses the Russian language, including the Russian-language community on the Internet and websites. Geographically, it reaches all continents, including Antarctica (Russian scientists on Bellingshausen Station[1]), but mostly it is based in Russia.
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The term Runet is a portmanteau of ru (code for both the Russian language and Russia's top-level domain) and net/network. The term was coined in 1997 by Israel-resident, Azerbaijani[2] blogger Raffi Aslanbekov (Russian: Раффи Асланбеков[3]), known as "Great Uncle" in Russia, on his Russian-language column Great Uncle's Thoughts.[4][5] The term was popularized by early Internet users and was included in several dictionaries, including the spelling dictionary of the Russian Academy of Sciences, edited by V. V. Lopatin, as soon as in 2001.
For ordinary users, the term Runet means that the content of websites is available for Russian users without foreign language skills, or that online shops have an office in Russia (for example, Russian search engines, e-mail services, anti-viruses, dictionaries, Russian-language websites occupying niches similar to those of Facebook, Amazon, YouTube, eBay, PayPal, Foursquare, etc. for usage in all post-Soviet states), so the term is related to practical usage for end users. Being on the Runet gives a company some advantage, as many local IT-companies are more successful than foreign services on the Russian market. The term can describe the situation of the 1990s to the early 2000s; foreign companies didn't want to operate in the Russian market and localize their products, so Russia-based start-ups were more attractive to Russian speaking users. Nowadays, some Russian users are not interested in usage of such services as Facebook or Google Maps because local services have more Russia-specific features and local community (VK.com, Yandex services, etc.), though many international websites have very high quality Russian localization and Google search has had full support of Russian morphology. This is also more or less applicable to most post-Soviet states, who use the Runet and are forming a common lingua franca community like English on the Internet.
Many officials of the Russian government actively use this term as a synonym for Internet in the territory of Russia, i.e. for Internet infrastructure, which is subject to Russian law (including Russian censorship laws, copyright, corporate, advertisement laws, etc.), but the Russian online community doesn't support this use of the term as millions of users use the Russian language on the Internet while living outside Russia; Russian is spoken in large parts of eastern Europe that do not fall under Russian territory. Some Russian officials automatically believe that the Russian Wikipedia is based in Russia as a business entity and try to control the content of the website or establish a Russia-based clone of Wikipedia.[6][7][8]
According to reports conducted by Yandex, Russian is the primary language of 91% of Russian websites (in Yandex's list). In the autumn of 2009, Runet contained about 15 million sites (estimated to be about 6.5% of the entire Internet).[9]
Domains with a high proportion of the Russian language include .su, .ru, .рф, .ua, .by, .kz.
Russian is used on 89.8% of .ru sites and on 88.7% of the former Soviet Union domain, .su. Russian is the most used language of websites of several countries that were part of the former Soviet Union: 79.0% in Ukraine, 86.9% in Belarus, 84.0% in Kazakhstan, 79.6% in Uzbekistan, 75.9% in Kyrgyzstan, and 81.8% in Tajikistan.[10]
As of 2013, the 59.7 million Russian-speaking Internet users, represented 3% of global Internet users. In April 2012, Russia was ranked 9th in the world[1] for number of users and 4th (with 4.8%) for number of Russian-language content.[11]
In September 2011, Russia surpassed Germany as the biggest Internet market in Europe, with 50.8 million users.[12]
In March 2013, it was announced that Russian is the second most used language on the web.[10]
Historically the term Runet has been described in several ways.
Harvard University's Berkman Center conducts regular researches of the Russian-language Web, identified by Cyrillic encoding,[21] and, in particular, has papers named "Mapping RuNet Politics and Mobilization"[22] and "RuNet Echo".[23] The prominent Public Opinion Foundation (FOM) regular Internet measurements are titled Runet.fom.ru.[24] There are Russian internet-reviewing newspapers called TheRunet, Runetologia and others.
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