The Waorani (Huaorani) language, commonly known as Sabela (also Wao, Huao, Auishiri, Aushiri, Ssabela ; autonym: Wao Terero; pejorative: Auka, Auca) is a vulnerable language isolate spoken by the Waorani people, an indigenous group living in the Amazon rainforest between the Napo and Curaray Rivers in Ecuador. A small number of speakers with so-called uncontacted groups may live in Peru.
| Sabela | |
|---|---|
| Waorani / Huaorani | |
| Wao Terero | |
| Native to | Ecuador, Peru |
| Region | Oriente or Ecuadorian Amazon |
| Ethnicity | 1,800 Waorani people (2012)[1] |
Native speakers | 2,000 (2004)[2] |
| Official status | |
Official language in | Ecuador: indigenous languages official in own territories |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | auc |
| Glottolog | waor1240 |
| ELP | Waorani |
Demographics
Waorani is primarily spoken in Waorani Ethnic Reserve, which is the largest indigenous reserve in Ecuador. Other areas where it is spoken include Pastaza and Napo provinces (including the towns of Puyo and Coca), Yasuní National Park, and the Taromenani Tagaeri Intangible Zone.[3]: 1191 Waorani is considered endangered due to growing bilingualism in Quechua and Spanish and diminishing Waorani usage among youth.[1][4]
Dialects
Waorani has three dialects: Tiguacuna (Tiwakuna), Tuei (Tiwi Tuei, Tiwi), and Shiripuno.
Language relations
Sabela is not known to be related to any other language. However, it forms part of Terrence Kaufman's Yawan proposal.
Jolkesky (2016) also notes that there are lexical similarities with Yaruro.[5]
Phonology
Waorani distinguishes nasal vowels from oral ones. Syllable structure is (C)V, with frequent vowel clusters. The allophones of /o/ range from [ɵ, o, ʊ, ɤ] and the allophones of /õ/ have a similar range, [ɵ̃, õ, ʊ̃, ɤ̃], and allophones of /e, ẽ/ can be heard as [ɪ, ɪ̃]. The alveolar tap [ɾ] is an allophone of /d/ and the palatal glide [j] is an allophone of /ɟ/.
Vocabulary
Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for Sabela and Tiwituey.[6]
| gloss | Sabela | Tiwituey |
|---|---|---|
| one | iríng | aruki |
| two | méa | |
| head | u-kabu | u-kubo |
| eye | a-wínka | a-winga |
| woman | ohíña | unkia |
| fire | chúnga | tua |
| sun | nánki | neinghi |
| star | nemu | |
| maize | kad'ínghu | |
| house | húnku | |
| white | kúri | mia |
References
Bibliography
External links
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